{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T21:15:21Z","timestamp":1785446121034,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital defects are among the leading causes of neonatal mortality in small animals. Among them, cleft palate is one of the most commonly found malformations in dogs. Appropriate clinical management and surgical correction are determining factors for the survival of puppies affected by this alteration. Thus, the objective of this study is to describe 10 clinical cases of successful clinical management of cleft palate, highlighting the therapeutic strategies used, the results obtained, and the evolution of patients after treatment. Ten neonatal dogs of three breeds were treated by the Small Animal Reproduction Service of FMVZ, Unesp\u2014Botucatu: French Bulldog (6), Pug (3), and American Bully (1) presented with cleft palate at birth or during the first week of age. Patients underwent clinical and nutritional management, in addition to immunological support. At four months of age, the patients underwent medially positioned flap repair. The animals were fed via an esophageal tube for 10 days after surgery. The clinical management proved to be effective since, throughout the follow-up, the animals showed good development and did not present complications arising from the cleft palate, and the surgical procedures were successful, restoring the quality of life of the animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12050474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T10:27:41Z","timestamp":1747218461000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Approach to Cleft Lip and Palate with or Without Surgical Correction in Ten Brachycephalic Puppies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5983-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gleice","family":"Xavier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6474-4808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keylla","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Vi\u00e7osa 57072-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1rita","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5542-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"Abibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2011-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-0471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maricy","family":"Appar\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4721-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus","family":"Crema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9057-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8337-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Orofacial clefts in newborns and the use of medications and maternal health conditions: A case-control study in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"5","author":"Leite","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz. J. Matern. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517703580","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of palate development","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Mcgeady, T.A., Quinn, P.J., Fitzpatrick, E.S., Ryan, M.T., Kilroy, D., and Lonergan, P. (2017). Veterinary Embryology, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620943771","article-title":"Secondary palate development in the dog (Canis lupus familiaris)","volume":"58","author":"Freiberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofacial J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100913-012927","article-title":"Insights into morphology and disease from the dog genome project","volume":"30","author":"Schoenebeck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maldonado, E., Mart\u00ednez-Sanz, E., Partearroyo, T., Varela-Moreiras, G., and P\u00e9rez-Miguelsanz, J. (2021). Maternal folic acid deficiency is associated to developing nasal and palate malformations in mice. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010251"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"103","article-title":"Clinical and macroscopic aspects of immediate palatoplasty with implantation of auricular pinna cartilage, preserved in 98% glycerin, after experimental induction of cleft palate in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Contesini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rural Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.07.027","article-title":"Incidence of congenital malformations and impact on the mortality of neonatal canines","volume":"140","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperber, G.H., and Sperber, S.M. (2012). Embryogenetics of Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Lip and Palate: Diagnosis and Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30770-6_1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-019-00433-7","article-title":"Craniofacial malformations and their association with brain development: The importance of a multidisciplinary approach for treatment","volume":"108","author":"Ornoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1597\/10-178","article-title":"Gen\u00e9tica de fissuras orofaciais n\u00e3o sindr\u00f4micas","volume":"49","author":"Rahimov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofacial J."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"143","article-title":"Cleft lip and palate in the dog: Medical and genetic aspects","volume":"8","author":"Moura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"327","article-title":"Classification of cleft lip and palate in animals","volume":"11","author":"Dreyer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.1973.tb00253.x","article-title":"Prenatal development of domestic and laboratory mammals: Growth curves, external features and selected references","volume":"2","author":"Evans","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Noden, D.M., and De Lahunta, A. (1985). Embryology of Domestic Animals: Developmental Mechanisms and Malformations, Williams and Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Nelson, R.W., and Couto, G.C. (2019). Small Animal Internal Medicine-E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"117","article-title":"Palatoschisis in the dog: Developmental mechanisms and etiology","volume":"79","author":"Cornillie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vlaams Diergeneeskd. Tijdschr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2933","article-title":"Cleft lip and palate: Understanding genetic and environmental influences","volume":"12","author":"Dixon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"5","article-title":"Cleft palate in the domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris\u2014Etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Lobodzinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Zootech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400801","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation during craniofacial development","volume":"84","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-4520.2006.00103.x","article-title":"Regional heterogeneity in the developing palate: Morphological and molecular evidence for normal and abnormal palatogenesis","volume":"46","author":"Okano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Congenit. Anom."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Foley, C.W., Lasley, J.F., and Osweiler, G.D. (1979). Companion Animal Abnormalities: Analysis of Heredity, The Iowa State University Press."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420210115","article-title":"Cleft palate in domestic animals: Epidemiologic features","volume":"21","author":"Mulvihill","year":"1980","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kirk, R.A. (1986). Catalogue of Congenital and Hereditary Disorders of Dogs (by Breeds), W. B. Saunders Company. Current Veterinary Therapy IX."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Padgett, G.A. (1998). Canine Genetic Disease Control, Howell Book House."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cleft lip and\/or palate with monogenic autosomal recessive transmission in Pyrenean sheepdogs","volume":"46","author":"Kemp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Craniofacial J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2010.010044","article-title":"A new technique for feeding dogs with a congenital cleft palate for surgical research","volume":"45","author":"Paradas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruszkowski, J.J., Nowacka-Woszuk, J., Nowak, T., Rozynek, J., Serwanska-Leja, K., Gogulski, M., Kolodziejski, P., Switonski, M., Zdun, M., and Szczerbal, I. (2023). Cleft Lip and Palate in Four Full-Sib Puppies from a Single Litter of Staffordshire Bull Terrier Dogs: An Anatomical and Genetic Study. Animals., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13172749"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1346","article-title":"Genetic and environmental factors contributing to craniofacial morphology in dogs","volume":"235","author":"Richtsmeier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39079.618287.0B","article-title":"Folic acid supplements and risk of facial clefts: National population based case-control study","volume":"334","author":"Wilcox","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60695-4","article-title":"Cleft lip and palate","volume":"374","author":"Mossey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0267-6","article-title":"Maternal folic acid supplementation reduces the severity of cleft palate in Tgf-\u03b2 3 null mutant mice","volume":"85","author":"Maldonado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00475.x","article-title":"Growth of the normal skull vault and its alteration in craniosynostosis: Insights from human genetics and experimental studies","volume":"207","author":"Wilkie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00211.x","article-title":"Nutrition and genes in the development of orofacial clefting","volume":"64","author":"Krapels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008425","article-title":"Dexamethasone Induces Apoptosis of Embryonic Palatal Mesenchymal Cells Through the GATA-6\/Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2\/p38 MAPK Pathway","volume":"33","author":"Lan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"101","article-title":"Environmental toxicants and craniofacial development","volume":"87","author":"Everson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part. C Embryo Today Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Greene, C.E. (2005). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"201","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism in a dog: Case report","volume":"40","author":"Fantuzzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"3","article-title":"Craniofacial malformations and hypoxia: An overview","volume":"44","author":"Webster","year":"1991","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"110","article-title":"Fetal hypoxia and secondary palatal development","volume":"291","author":"Diewert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02469.x","article-title":"Congenital unilateral cleft of the soft palate in six dogs","volume":"42","author":"Warzee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(79)50033-3","article-title":"Cleft Palate","volume":"9","author":"Sinibaldi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(96)80011-9","article-title":"The incidence, classification, etiology, and embryology of oral clefts","volume":"2","author":"Thornton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Jeric\u00f3, M.M., Kogika, M.M., and Andrade Neto, J.P. (2023). Care of Newborns and Puppies. Treatise on Internal Medicine for Dogs and Cats, Guanabara Koogan."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"325","article-title":"Successful management permitting delayed operative revision of cleft palate in a labrador retriever","volume":"44","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Clin: Small Anim."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Fossum, T.W. (2018). Small Animal Surgery, Elsevier Health Sciences. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Appar\u00edcio, M., and Vicente, W.R.R. (2015). Neonatology. Reproduction and Obstetrics in Dogs and Cats, MedVet."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Kutritz, M.V.R. (2009). Clinical Canine and Feline Reproduction: Evidence-Based Answers, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Tobias, K.M., and Johnston, S.A. (2012). Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2023.110678","article-title":"Topics on maternal, fetal and neonatal immunology of dogs and cats","volume":"266","author":"Pereira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620960970","article-title":"Spontaneous Palatal Cleft Closure","volume":"58","author":"Ritto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofacial J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm039073","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.039073","article-title":"RDH10 function is necessary for spontaneous fetal mouth movement that facilitates palate shelf elevation","volume":"12","author":"Friedl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420040107","article-title":"Induction of cleft palate in rats with antiinflammatory drugs","volume":"4","author":"Walker","year":"1971","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, K.H.N.P., Fuchs, K.D.M., Ter\u00e7ariol, L.A.A., Silva, R.C., Camargo, G.D.A., Mendon\u00e7a, J.C., and Louren\u00e7o, M.L.G. (2023). Two Types of Management for the Noninvasive Treatment of Pectus Excavatum in Neonatal Puppies. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050906"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-023-2985-9","article-title":"Nasogastric vs orogastric feeding in stable preterm (\u226432 weeks) neonates: A randomized open-label controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/5\/474\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:32:42Z","timestamp":1760031162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/5\/474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12050474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12050474","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]}}}