{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:12:54Z","timestamp":1787170374805,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["KCXF20201221173205015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCXF20201221173205015"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["TCYC-TP2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCYC-TP2023"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["2022KJ137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ137"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["ZR2023MC164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023MC164"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["KS 2024017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KS 2024017"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Tianchi Introduction of Talent Research Program","award":["KCXF20201221173205015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCXF20201221173205015"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Tianchi Introduction of Talent Research Program","award":["TCYC-TP2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCYC-TP2023"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Tianchi Introduction of Talent Research Program","award":["2022KJ137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ137"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Tianchi Introduction of Talent Research Program","award":["ZR2023MC164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023MC164"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Tianchi Introduction of Talent Research Program","award":["KS 2024017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KS 2024017"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation","award":["KCXF20201221173205015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCXF20201221173205015"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation","award":["TCYC-TP2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCYC-TP2023"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation","award":["2022KJ137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ137"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation","award":["ZR2023MC164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023MC164"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation","award":["KS 2024017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KS 2024017"]}]},{"name":"Enhancement and Innovative Utilization of Pamir Yak","award":["KCXF20201221173205015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCXF20201221173205015"]}]},{"name":"Enhancement and Innovative Utilization of Pamir Yak","award":["TCYC-TP2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCYC-TP2023"]}]},{"name":"Enhancement and Innovative Utilization of Pamir Yak","award":["2022KJ137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KJ137"]}]},{"name":"Enhancement and Innovative Utilization of Pamir Yak","award":["ZR2023MC164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023MC164"]}]},{"name":"Enhancement and Innovative Utilization of Pamir Yak","award":["KS 2024017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KS 2024017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intestinal health and functionality of animals play pivotal roles in nutrient digestion and absorption, as well as in maintaining defense against pathogenic invasions. These biological processes are modulated by various determinants, including husbandry conditions, dietary composition, and gut microbial ecology. The excessive use of anthropogenic antibiotics may disrupt intestinal microbiota composition, potentially leading to dysbiosis that directly compromises host homeostasis. While Lactobacillus species are recognized for their immunomodulatory properties, their precise mechanisms in regulating host anti-inflammatory gene expression and influencing mucosal layer maturation, particularly regarding E. coli colonization resistance, require further elucidation. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of Lactobacillus in relation to intestinal architecture and function during E. coli infection, we established a colonic infection model using Bal b\/c mice, conducting systematic analyses of intestinal morphology, inflammatory mediator profiles, and microbial community dynamics. Our results demonstrate that Lactobacillus supplementation (Pediococcus acidilactici) effectively mitigated E. coli O78-induced enteritis, with co-administration during infection facilitating the restoration of physiological parameters, including body mass, intestinal histoarchitecture, and microbial metabolic functions. Microbiome profiling revealed that the Lactobacillus intervention significantly elevated Lactococcus abundance while reducing Weissella populations (p &lt; 0.05), concurrently enhancing metabolic pathways related to nutrient assimilation and environmental signal processing (including translation mechanisms, ribosomal biogenesis, amino acid transport metabolism, and energy transduction systems; p &lt; 0.05). Mechanistically, Lactobacillus administration attenuated E. coli-induced intestinal pathology through multiple pathways: downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1\u03b2, IL-1\u03b1, and TNF-\u03b1), upregulating epithelial junctional complexes (Occludin, Claudin-1, and ZO-1), and stimulating mucin biosynthesis (MUC1 and MUC2; p &lt; 0.05). These modifications collectively enhanced mucosal barrier integrity and promoted epithelial maturation. This investigation advances our comprehension of microbiota\u2013host crosstalk during enteropathogenic infections under probiotic intervention, offering valuable insights for developing novel nutritional strategies and microbial management protocols in animal husbandry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12050484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T05:11:57Z","timestamp":1747372317000},"page":"484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Lactobacillus Re-Engineers Gut Microbiota to Overcome E. coli Colonization Resistance in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5843-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianlei","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7671-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengjia","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinran","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Western Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teamgene (Shandong) Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Zibo 255086, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). A Health Perspective on the Role of the Environment in One Health, World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. No. WHO\/EURO: 2022-5290-45054-64214."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, I.M., Nassar, N., Chang, H., Khan, S., Cheng, M., Wang, Z., and Xiang, X. (2024). The microbiota: A key regulator of health, productivity, and reproductive success in mammals. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1480811"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"733","article-title":"Pathogenic and non-pathogenic factors; especially infectious bursal disease viruses; affect chicken digestive system microbiota and methods of its evaluation and recovery: A review","volume":"54","author":"Mosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Z., Wang, X.R., Huang, J.Q., and Li, B. (2024). Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Molecular Medical Microbiology, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]. Chapter 53.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818619-0.00069-1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05348-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05348-22","article-title":"Sodium humate-derived gut microbiota ameliorates intestinal dysfunction induced by Salmonella Typhimurium in mice","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121466","article-title":"Clinically important E. coli strains can persist, and retain their pathogenicity, on environmental plastic and fabric waste","volume":"326","author":"Ormsby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105188","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiome on toxigenic bacteria","volume":"160","author":"Koosha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giery\u0144ska, M., Szulc-D\u0105browska, L., Struzik, J., Mielcarska, M.B., and Gregorczyk-Zboroch, K.P. (2022). Integrity of the intestinal barrier: The involvement of epithelial cells and microbiota\u2014A mutual relationship. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020145"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7515","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S428837","article-title":"Potential causes of spread of antimicrobial resistance and preventive measures in one health perspective-a review","volume":"16","author":"Endale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100748","article-title":"The impacts of animal agriculture on One Health\u2014Bacterial zoonosis, antimicrobial resistance, and beyond","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haque, H., Sarker, S., Islam, S., Islam, A., Karim, R., Kayesh, M.E.H., Shiddiky, M.J.A., and Anwer, M.S. (2020). Sustainable antibiotic-free broiler meat production: Current trends, challenges, and possibilities in a developing country perspective. Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9110411"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serweci\u0144ska, L. (2020). Antimicrobials and antibiotic-resistant bacteria: A risk to the environment and to public health. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12123313"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00650-4","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer and adaptive evolution in bacteria","volume":"20","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gemeda, B.A., Wieland, B., Alemayehu, G., Knight-Jones, T.J.D., Wodajo, H.D., Tefera, M., Kumbe, A., Olani, A., Abera, S., and Amenu, K. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from Livestock and the environment in extensive smallholder Livestock production systems in Ethiopia. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050941"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakakhel, M.A., Bibi, N., Mahboub, H.H., Wu, F., Sajjad, W., Din, S.Z.U., Hefny, A.A., and Wang, W. (2023). Influence of biosynthesized nanoparticles exposure on mortality, residual deposition, and intestinal bacterial dysbiosis in Cyprinus carpio. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 263.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2022.109473"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristofori, F., Dargenio, V.N., Dargenio, C., Miniello, V.L., Barone, M., and Francavilla, R. (2021). Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: A door to the body. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.578386"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Cheng, L., Liu, Y., Zhan, S., Wu, Z., and Zhang, X. (2023). Relationship between dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota: New clues to improve cognitive disorders, mood disorders and circadian rhythms. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12061309"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Luo, J., Narbad, A., and Chen, Q. (2023). Advances in lactobacillus restoration for \u03b2-Lactam antibiotic-Induced dysbiosis: A system review in intestinal microbiota and immune homeostasis. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010179"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, T., Xie, F., Liang, P., Chen, J., Wang, Z., Du, M., and You, J. (2023). Polysaccharide-rich fractions from Enteromorpha prolifera improve hepatic steatosis and gut barrier integrity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice linking to modulation of gut microbiota. Biomed. Pharmacother., 157.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114034"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-021-03686-1","article-title":"Screening of Lactobacillus strains that enhance SCFA uptake in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"247","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7423","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO00911K","article-title":"Probiotics and gut microbiota: Mechanistic insights into gut immune homeostasis through TLR pathway regulation","volume":"13","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.07.025","article-title":"Salmonella re-engineers the intestinal environment to break colonization resistance in the presence of a compositionally intact microbiota","volume":"32","author":"Rogers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barathan, M., Ng, S.L., Lokanathan, Y., Ng, M.H., and Law, J.X. (2024). The Profound Influence of Gut Microbiome and Extracellular Vesicles on Animal Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074024"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"270","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: Current therapies and potential for microbiota-modulating therapeutic approaches","volume":"21","author":"Alshehri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.288","article-title":"The impact of human activities and lifestyles on the interlinked microbiota and health of humans and of ecosystems","volume":"627","author":"Flandroy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24733","article-title":"Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Ctenopharyngodon idella: Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial Activity, and Toxicological Assessment","volume":"88","author":"Kakakhel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, N., Feng, G., Zhang, X., Hu, Q., Sun, S., Sun, J., Sun, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, Y., and Wang, P. (2021). The functional role of lactoferrin in intestine mucosal immune system and inflammatory bowel disease. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.759507"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Li, J., Ni, J., Zhang, C., Jia, J., Wu, G., Sun, H., and Wang, S. (2022). Berberine relieves metabolic syndrome in mice by inhibiting liver inflammation caused by a high-fat diet and potential association with gut microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.752512"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, C., Rokana, N., Chandra, M., Singh, B.P., Gulhane, R.D., Gill, J.P.S., Ray, P., Puniya, A.K., and Panwar, H. (2018). Antimicrobial resistance: Its surveillance, impact, and alternative management strategies in dairy animals. Front. Vet. Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00237"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.C., Mart\u00ednez-Tapia, A., Lazcano-Hern\u00e1ndez, G., Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, B.E., and Castrej\u00f3n-Jim\u00e9nez, N.S. (2021). Bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria. A powerful alternative as antimicrobials, probiotics, and immunomodulators in veterinary medicine. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11040979"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, W., Liu, J., Cheng, H., Zhang, D., Tan, Y., and Peng, C. (2022). Dietary compounds in modulation of gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.939571"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbara, G., Barbaro, M.R., Fuschi, D., Palombo, M., Falangone, F., Cremon, C., Marasco, G., and Stanghellini, V. (2021). Inflammatory and microbiota-related regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.718356"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s41936-021-00250-x","article-title":"The role of probiotics on animal health and nutrition","volume":"82","author":"Anee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Zool."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, H., Liu, B., Li, A., Iqbal, M., Mehmood, K., Jamil, T., Chang, Y.-F., Zhang, H., and Wu, Q. (2021). Microbiome analysis reveals the attenuation effect of lactobacillus from yaks on diarrhea via modulation of gut microbiota. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.610781"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poga\u010dar, M.\u0160., Langerholc, T., Mi\u010deti\u0107-Turk, D., Mo\u017eina, S.S., and Klan\u010dnik, A. (2020). Effect of Lactobacillus spp. on adhesion, invasion, and translocation of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken and pig small-intestinal epithelial cell lines. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.2.14513\/v3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779002","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1779002","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiota in healthy rats after exposure to nutritional supplements","volume":"12","author":"Maslov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/5\/484\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:33:44Z","timestamp":1760031224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/5\/484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12050484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12050484","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]}}}