{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T04:23:30Z","timestamp":1771647810269,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006347","name":"Babes-Bolyai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["889\/01.11.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["889\/01.11.2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) represent a promising alternative to traditional blood transfusions, offering the advantages of extended shelf life and avoiding blood compatibility limitations and infection risks. Positive effects of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) on hemorrhagic shock have been researched across various animal species, including swine, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs. As previously described, HBOCs based on ovine hemoglobin display better efficiency in the context of hemorrhagic shock compared to those based on the more commonly used bovine hemoglobin. This was evidenced through higher survival rates and more favorable histopathological and immunological outcomes. The vascular effects of ovine hemoglobin polymerized with glutaraldehyde exposure included the absence of hypertension, minimal endothelial damage with slight alterations in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and reduced vascular inflammation mediated by interleukin-10 (IL-10). Ovine hemoglobin has emerged as a particularly promising raw material for the development of HBOCs, surpassing bovine and human hemoglobin due to its advantages in availability and efficacy. Furthermore, reducing oxidative stress by polymerizing hemoglobin with glutaraldehyde is most effective with ovine hemoglobin compared to bovine hemoglobin. This study evaluates the effectiveness of ovine hemoglobin polymerized with glutaraldehyde in managing hemorrhagic shock in rabbits, with a focus on its ability to maintain blood pressure, support oxygen transport, and assess potential systemic and oxidative responses. Fifteen adult New Zealand white rabbits, divided into three equal groups, were included in this study: a negative control group transfused with colloid solutions, a positive control group treated with autotransfusion, and a group receiving HBOCs. All groups underwent a hemorrhagic shock protocol, with 40% of their total blood volume withdrawn under deep anesthesia, followed by transfusions 30 min later. Vital parameters, including invasive arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and end-tidal CO2, were measured throughout the experimental procedures. Arterial blood gas samples were collected before the procedures, after hemorrhagic shock induction, and at the conclusion of the transfusion. In summary, HBOCs offer a promising solution for oxygen delivery, but their effects on blood chemistry, particularly CO2 and lactate levels, must be considered. Although no direct oxygenation issues were observed in experimental models, elevated CO2 levels and the interference of HBOCs with lactate measurements emphasize the importance of vigilant clinical monitoring. Polymerized hemoglobin provides a non-nephrotoxic alternative, but challenges persist in preventing nitric oxide scavenging and ensuring effective oxygen delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12050485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T09:30:38Z","timestamp":1747387838000},"page":"485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Veterinary Perspectives on Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers in Experimental Hemorrhagic Shock: Insights from Rabbit Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6951-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0218tefania-M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Dandea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-1553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina-Diana","family":"Ha\u0219a\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1141-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad-Alexandru","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Research from Cluj-Napoca, Branch of National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences Bucharest, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources \u201c3B\u201d, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lehene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florina","family":"Scurtu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cosmin Petru","family":"Pe\u0219tean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R\u0103zvan-Andrei","family":"Codea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia-Victoria","family":"Bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iulia","family":"Melega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Silaghi-Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6168-3429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Sevastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2004.01.006","article-title":"Transfusion medicine in exotic pets","volume":"19","author":"Lichtenberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. 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