{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:27:45Z","timestamp":1793392065497,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary Association of the Netherlands"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring infectious diseases is essential for safeguarding equine health and ensuring the sustainability of the horse industry. In 2019, the Royal Veterinary Association of the Netherlands (KNMvD) and Royal GD (GD Animal Health) launched SEIN (Surveillance of Equine Infectious diseases in the Netherlands), a voluntary surveillance system for laboratory-confirmed outbreaks of equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), equid alphaherpesvirus 4 (EHV-4), equine influenza virus (EIV), and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. This retrospective study analyzed 364 confirmed outbreaks reported through SEIN between June 2019 and April 2023. S. equi was the most commonly reported pathogen overall (64%). Among outbreaks involving respiratory disease, S. equi accounted for 74% of cases, followed by EHV-4 (16%), EIV (6%), and EHV-1 (4%). The geographical distribution of outbreaks covered 80 of the 90 postal code regions (89%), and approximately half of all participating practices generated at least 1 alert. Vaccination data revealed low coverage against EHV-1\/4, EIV, and S. equi among both affected horses and premises. Clinical signs overlapped between pathogens, but some were more pathogen-specific, e.g., coughing in EIV, and abscessation in S. equi. The SEIN system provided spatiotemporal information on confirmed outbreaks. These results underscore the importance of quick diagnostics and structured surveillance systems in guiding prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12060567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T09:59:14Z","timestamp":1749549554000},"page":"567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Epidemiology of Infectious Pathogens in Horses with Acute Respiratory Disease, Abortion, and Neurological Signs: Insights Gained from the Veterinary Surveillance System for Horses in The Netherlands (SEIN)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kees","family":"van Maanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal GD, 7418EZ Deventer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"van den Wollenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal GD, 7418EZ Deventer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal GD, 7418EZ Deventer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6581-728X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibault","family":"Frippiat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sporthorse Medical Diagnostic Centre, 5384RC Heesch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frippiat, T., van den Wollenberg, L., van Erck-Westergren, E., van Maanen, K., and Votion, D.-M. (2025). Respiratory Viruses Affecting Health and Performance in Equine Athletes. Virology, 603.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2024.110372"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sprayberry, K.A., and Robinson, N.E. (2015). Equine Alphaherpesviruses. Robinson\u2019s Current Therapy in Equine Medicine, Elsevier Inc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2002.9695126","article-title":"Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4 Infections: An Update","volume":"24","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.04.018","article-title":"Equine Herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)\u2014Epidemiology, Disease and Immunoprophylaxis: A Brief Review","volume":"170","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pusterla, N., Lawton, K., Barnum, S., Ross, K., and Purcell, K. (2024). Investigation of an Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy in a Population of Aged Working Equids. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121963"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitlock, F., Grewar, J., and Newton, R. (2023). An Epidemiological Overview of the Equine Influenza Epidemic in Great Britain during 2019. Equine Vet. J., 55.","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13874"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12840","article-title":"A Study of the Environmental Survival of Streptococcus Equi Subspecies Equi","volume":"50","author":"Durham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15043","article-title":"Streptococcus Equi Infections in Horses: Guidelines for Treatment, Control, and Prevention of Strangles\u2014Revised Consensus Statement","volume":"32","author":"Boyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"221","article-title":"Prevalence of Respiratory Pathogens in Nasal Swabs from Horses with Acute Respiratory Disease in Belgium","volume":"85","author":"Broux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6z\u00e7elik, R., Graubner, C., Remy-Wohlfender, F., D\u00fcrr, S., and Faverjon, C. (2020). Evaluating 5.5 Years of Equinella: A Veterinary-Based Voluntary Infectious Disease Surveillance System of Equines in Switzerland. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00327"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12100","article-title":"Surveillance of Equine Influenza Viruses through the RESPE Network in France from November 2005 to October 2010","volume":"45","author":"Legrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chappell, D.E., Barnett, D.C., James, K., Craig, B., Bain, F., Gaughan, E., Schneider, C., Vaala, W., Barnum, S.M., and Pusterla, N. (2023). Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008\u20132021. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020192"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(03)00122-7","article-title":"Design and Performance Testing of Quantitative Real Time PCR Assays for Influenza A and B Viral Load Measurement","volume":"29","author":"Ward","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Yactor, J., Lunn, K.F., Traub-Dargatz, J.L., Morley, P.S., Barnett, C.D., Kohler, A.K., Kivi, A.J., and Lunn, D.P. (2006, January 2\u20136). Detection of Nasal Shedding of EHV-1 & 4 at Equine Show Events and Sales by Multiplex Real-Time PCR. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 52nd Annual Convention, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.04.020","article-title":"Real-Time PCR for Detection and Differentiation of Streptococcus Equi Subsp. Equi and Streptococcus Equi Subsp. Zooepidemicus","volume":"124","author":"Johansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.l6735","article-title":"Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance: Surveillance Concepts and International Outbreak Reporting Systems","volume":"185","author":"Browne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frippiat, T., and Votion, D.-M. (2024). Warm-Up Strategies and Effects on Performance in Racing Horses and Sport Horses Competing in Olympic Disciplines. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060945"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapteijn, C.M., Frippiat, T., van Beckhoven, C., van Lith, H.A., Endenburg, N., Vermetten, E., and Rodenburg, T.B. (2022). Measuring Heart Rate Variability Using a Heart Rate Monitor in Horses (Equus caballus) during Groundwork. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.939534"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12519","article-title":"Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States from 2010 to 2013","volume":"29","author":"Pusterla","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pusterla, N., Sandler-Burtness, E., Barnum, S., Hill, L.A., Mendonsa, E., Khan, R., Portener, D., Ridland, H., and Schumacher, S. (2022). Frequency of Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Nasal Secretions from Healthy Sport Horses Attending a Spring Show in California. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.104089"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15145","article-title":"Frequency of Shedding of Respiratory Pathogens in Horses Recently Imported to the United States","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.06.003","article-title":"In Vitro Virucidal Activity of Nebulized Citrate-Complexed Silver Nanoparticles against Equine Herpesvirus-1 and Murine Norovirus","volume":"585","author":"Frippiat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paillot, R., Pitel, P., Pronost, S., Legrand, L., Fougerolle, S., Jourdan, M., and Marcillaud-Pitel, C. (2019). Florida Clade 1 Equine Influenza Virus in France. Vet. Rec., 184.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.l1203"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/6\/567\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:49:34Z","timestamp":1760032174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/6\/567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12060567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12060567","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]}}}