{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:27:35Z","timestamp":1760059655675,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"project 06\/23 Morphological and Imaging Anatomical Features of the White New Zealand Rabbit Adrenal Glands"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Adrenal glands are situated cranially and in close proximity to both kidneys. The rabbit is a preferred animal pet species and is also used as an experimental model in research. The aim of this study was to investigate the CT anatomical features of the rabbit adrenal glands, using the CT device SOMATOM. Methods: Ten sexually mature clinically healthy rabbits, with body weights from 2.5 to 3.0 kg were used. They were separated into two groups\u2014five males and five females. CT algorithm: Transverse, sagittal, and dorsal CT studies were performed. The animals were positioned in supine recumbency. They were anesthetized with 15 mg\/kg Zoletil\u00ae 50. Helical CT was carried out. The body was scanned from the intrathoracic part of the abdominal cavity to the pelvic inlet. CCD, DVD, and MLD dimensions were measured. Results: Transverse CT scans at the Th12 and L1 level visualized the topography of the right and left adrenal glands. Sagittal CT scans of Regio abdominis, 10 mm to the right and to the left of the median plane, showed the right and left adrenal glands as findings with intermediate attenuation. The dorsal CT investigation of Regio abdominis 30 mm and 45 mm ventral to the spine demonstrated both glands in the vicinity of abdominal organs and large blood vessels. CCD of the right adrenal gland was 6.9 \u00b1 0.5 mm, DVD of the same gland was 5.7 \u00b1 0.7 mm, and MLD was\u20143.9 \u00b1 0.3 mm. CCD of the left adrenal gland was 5.4 \u00b1 0.6 mm, DVD was\u20144.0 \u00b1 1.1 mm, and MLD was\u20144.1 \u00b1 0.9 mm. Conclusions: CCD and DVD of the right adrenal gland were greater than the same parameters of the left gland. MLD of the right adrenal gland was lower than the same parameter measured for the left one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12070632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T04:11:04Z","timestamp":1751429464000},"page":"632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CT Anatomical Features and Dimensions of the Rabbit Adrenal Glands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8186-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamelia","family":"Stamatova-Yovcheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosen","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diyana","family":"Vladova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Yovchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hristo","family":"Hristov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9096-9203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladi","family":"Nedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Goranov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avche","family":"Dineva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Barone, R., and Simoens, P. (2010). Glandes Surr\u00e9nales. Anatomie Compar\u00e9e des Mammif\u00e8res Domestiques. Glandes Endocrines. Tome Septi\u00e8me, Vigot."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O., and Wensing, C.J. (2019). Tratado de Anatomia Veterin\u00e1ria, Elsevier. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Houdebine, L.M., and Fan, J. (2009). Rabbit as a model for the study of human diseases. Rabbit Biotech-Nology: Rabbit Genomics, Transgenesis, Cloning and Models, Springer Science + Business Media."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4322\/rbcv.2020.020","article-title":"Anatomical investigation of the measurements, shape and arterialirrigation of the adrenal gland in New Zealand rabbits","volume":"27","author":"Junior","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eancia Veterin\u00e1ria"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2025, June 12). Available online: https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/EN\/Themes\/Countries-Regions\/International-Statistics\/DataSources\/45_01_FAO_Data.html."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.131.1.1611996","article-title":"Inherited congenital adrenal hyperplasia in the rabbit: Absent cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 gene expression","volume":"131","author":"Pang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2016.06.010","article-title":"Adrenalectomy and nephrectomy in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with adrenocortical carcinoma and renal and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Rose","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2024.07.003","article-title":"Adrenal Disease in Small Mammals","volume":"28","author":"Jekl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"64","article-title":"Some macrometric anatomical parameters of the adrenal glands in the New Zealand white rabbit","volume":"6","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2021","journal-title":"MAE Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"265","article-title":"Light and electron microscopic observations on the structure of the porcupine (Hystrix cristata) adrenal gland","volume":"75","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.23514","article-title":"Adrenal glands of Spix\u2019s yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831): Morphological and morphometric aspects","volume":"76","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5007\/2175-7925.2014v27n2p163","article-title":"Morphology of the adrenal gland in lowland paca (Cuniculus paca, L. 1766)","volume":"27","author":"Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotemas"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.f6720","article-title":"CT and MRI in veterinary patients: An update on recent advances","volume":"35","author":"Schwarz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Practice"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"684","article-title":"Importance for experiments in human medicine of imaging modalities for macroanatomical and histological study of rabbit suprarenal glands","volume":"75","author":"Dilek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Weter."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.04.625","article-title":"X-ray-computed tomography, nephrotomography, and ultrasonography of the adrenal glands of healthy dogs","volume":"51","author":"Voorhout","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Goh, J., Jang, J., Hwang, J., Jungmi, K., Kim, J., and Eom, K. (2023). Feasibility study of computed tomography texture analysis for evaluation of canine primary adrenal gland tumors. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1126165"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7140","article-title":"Assessment of Adrenal Computed Tomography Characteristics in Cats with Nonadrenal Disease","volume":"58","author":"Gaisbauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1881","article-title":"Adrenal Glands of Chinchilla lanigera\u2014Study of Anatomical Features with Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"50","author":"Dilek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12875","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurement of the adrenal gland-to-abdominal aortic ratio as a valuable method of estimating normal adrenal size in rabbits","volume":"52","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/7\/632\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:02:47Z","timestamp":1760032967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/7\/632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12070632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12070632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-7381"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]}}}