{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:30:13Z","timestamp":1760059813714,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005995","name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC-VT\/02\/2023-2025","K\u03a0-06-H71\/5","QTBG01.03\/23-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-VT\/02\/2023-2025","K\u03a0-06-H71\/5","QTBG01.03\/23-24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bulgarian Science Fund","award":["IC-VT\/02\/2023-2025","K\u03a0-06-H71\/5","QTBG01.03\/23-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-VT\/02\/2023-2025","K\u03a0-06-H71\/5","QTBG01.03\/23-24"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012046","name":"Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC-VT\/02\/2023-2025","K\u03a0-06-H71\/5","QTBG01.03\/23-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC-VT\/02\/2023-2025","K\u03a0-06-H71\/5","QTBG01.03\/23-24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Southeast Asia is a biodiversity hotspot for bats that can carry lyssaviruses, causing zoonotic diseases. This study detects and quantifies IgG antibodies against Lyssavirus glycoproteins in cave-dwelling bat populations on Cat Ba Island, northern Vietnam, to determine their past exposure history and the prevalence of immune responses. Samples were collected from five caves, encompassing three families and five key species (Hipposideros armiger, H. alongensis, H. poutensis, Taphozous melanopogon, and Myotis pilosus). Using ELISA with the Platelia\u2122 Rabies II kit,(Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) 29.0% (18\/62) of the bats tested positive, indicating prior exposure. The detection rate was slightly higher in females (35.7%) than in males (30.4%). Lyssavirus-specific antibodies were detected in four species, with the highest levels found in M. pilosus, followed by H. alongensis, H. armiger, and H. poutensis; no positives were found in T. melanopogon samples. One bat exhibited high seroconversion value (&gt;4 EU\/mL). The findings provide serological evidence of widespread lyssaviruses exposure in asymptomatic bats on Cat Ba Island, confirming their role as reservoirs that elicit an immune response without exhibiting rabies symptoms. This highlights the role of caves in facilitating close contact among bats, which may increase viral transmission, highlighting the need for continued surveillance in these unique roosting environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12070654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:46:33Z","timestamp":1752237993000},"page":"654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lyssavirus Antibody Detection in Cave-Dwelling Bats on Cat Ba Island, Vietnam: Implications for Zoonotic Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Heliana","family":"Dundarova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5343-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsenka","family":"Chassovnikarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv \u201cPaisii Hilendarski\u201d, 24 Tzar Asen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7195-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Todorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0107-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela","family":"Beltcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iliana","family":"Aleksieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thanh","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Nghia Do Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Nghia Do Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vu Dinh","family":"Thong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Nghia Do Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Nghia Do Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyx147","article-title":"How Many Species of Mammals Are There?","volume":"99","author":"Burgin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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