{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:41:52Z","timestamp":1792197712799,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004567","name":"Ministry of Education, Government of the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LS20201342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS20201342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scavenging domestic ducks significantly contribute to the transmission and maintenance of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh, a strain of growing global concern due to its broad host range, high pathogenicity, and spillover potential. This study investigates the molecular epidemiology and pathology of HPAI H5N1 viruses in unvaccinated scavenging ducks in Bangladesh, with the goal of assessing viral evolution and associated disease outcomes. Between June 2022 and March 2024, 40 scavenging duck flocks were investigated for HPAI outbreaks. Active HPAIV H5N1 infection was detected in 35% (14\/40) of the flocks using RT-qPCR. Affected ducks exhibited clinical signs of incoordination, torticollis, and paralysis. Pathological examination revealed prominent meningoencephalitis, encephalopathy and encephalomalacia, along with widespread lesions in the trachea, lungs, liver, and spleen, indicative of systemic HPAIV infection. A phylogenetic analysis of full-genome sequences confirmed the continued circulation of clade 2.3.2.1a genotype G2 in these ducks. Notably, two samples of 2022 and 2023 harbored HPAIV H5N1 of clade 2.3.4.4b, showing genetic similarity to H5N1 strains circulating in Korea and Vietnam. A mutation analysis of the HA protein in clade 2.3.4.4b viruses revealed key substitutions, including T156A (loss of an N-linked glycosylation site), S141P (antigenic site A), and E193R\/K (receptor-binding pocket), indicating potential antigenic drift and receptor-binding adaptation compared to clade 2.3.2.1a. The emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b with the first report of neurological and systemic lesions suggests ongoing viral evolution with increased pathogenic potential for ducks. These findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and biosecurity to control HPAI spread in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T16:04:51Z","timestamp":1753286691000},"page":"689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Emerging Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Causes Neurological Disease and Mortality in Scavenging Ducks in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2558-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rokshana","family":"Parvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumyea Binta","family":"Helal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Mohi","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadia","family":"Tasnim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2558-2487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Riabbel","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupaida Akter","family":"Shila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3392-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahan Ara","family":"Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9358-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Nooruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3635-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann Kathrin","family":"Ahrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2387-378X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timm","family":"Harder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emdadul Haque","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818001292","article-title":"Review Analysis and Impact of Co-Circulating H5N1 and H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Bangladesh","volume":"146","author":"Parvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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