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This review synthesizes evidence on AIV exposure patterns and risk factors through a comprehensive analysis of viral characteristics, host dynamics, environmental influences, and human behaviors. The main routes of transmission include direct animal contact, respiratory contact during slaughter\/milking, and environmental contamination (aerosols, raw milk, shared equipment). Risks increase as the virus adapts between species, survives longer in cold\/wet conditions, and spreads through wild bird migration (long-distance transmission) and live bird trade (local transmission). Recommended control measures include integrated animal\u2013human\u2013environment surveillance, stringent biosecurity measures, vaccination, and education. These findings underscore the urgent need for global \u2018One Health\u2019 collaboration to assess risk and implement preventive measures against potentially pandemic strains of influenza A viruses, especially in light of undetected mild\/asymptomatic cases and incomplete knowledge of viral evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:05:47Z","timestamp":1753711547000},"page":"704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Review of Avian Influenza Virus Exposure Patterns and Risks Among Occupational Populations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7694-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huimin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Public 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