{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:07Z","timestamp":1760060107536,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture is a common orthopedic disorder in dogs, leading to stifle joint instability and progressive osteoarthritis. This study aimed to develop and biomechanically evaluate a novel intra-articular reconstruction system designed to mimic the natural ligament and restore joint stability following CrCL excision. The system consisted of a 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) graft, cerclage wire, and H-button fixation. Fourteen pelvic limbs from mature mixed-breed cadaveric dogs were used. The inclination angle, dimensions, volume, tensile strength, and elongation of the native CrCL were measured. Seven CrCL-deficient stifles were reconstructed using the proposed system and tested biomechanically. The native CrCL showed a significantly higher tensile strength than the TPU graft; however, the TPU demonstrated a greater flexibility. The reconstruction system successfully stabilized the joint and provided repeatable fixation. Significant correlations were found between CrCL volume and both age and body weight. These findings support the mechanical suitability of the proposed system for ex vivo stifle stabilization and highlight the potential of 3D-printed TPU in ligament reconstruction. Further in vivo studies are recommended to assess long-term performance, including implant integration, tissue remodeling, and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T15:56:16Z","timestamp":1754409376000},"page":"725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-Dimensional-Printed Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Graft and H-Button Stabilization System for Intra-Articular Cranial Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Cadaveric Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0903-6664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menna","family":"Nahla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yara","family":"Abouelela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0437-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spinning and Weaving Engineering, Textile Research and Technology, Institute National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelbary","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2813-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Tolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-012-1079-8","article-title":"The anatomy of the ACL and its importance in ACL reconstruction","volume":"23","author":"Markatos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. 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