{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:43Z","timestamp":1792790083218,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Project Program of the International Joint Research Laboratory in Universities of Jiangsu Province of China for Domestic Animal Germplasm Resources"},{"name":"the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indigenous chickens are raised in various rural areas in large quantities throughout Sudan. They must be transported over various distances to centralized slaughterhouses or for other purposes. In this study, we examined indigenous chicken farmers\u2019 perceptions of chicken welfare during transportation. A total of 160 indigenous chickens (80 control + 80 transported with their owners) participated in this study. Our findings revealed that 69% and 88% of the farmers indicated that they were not knowledgeable about animal rights and animal welfare, respectively. The majority of the farmers (86%) reported that they were unaware of animal protection laws. Furthermore, the transported chickens showed a significantly long tonic immobility duration (p &lt; 0.05) compared to the control chickens. Moreover, low pecking behavior was significant (p &lt; 0.05) in transported chickens compared to control, particularly on day one of the experiment. In addition, the mean values of glucose, TWBCs, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, H\/L ratio, Hb, MCHC, and PLT were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in transported chickens compared to the controls. In addition, TNF-a, IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, IFN-\u03b3, IL-17, as well as ROS, MDA, cortisol, glucose, and total cholesterol were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in transportation chickens compared to control, while CAT, GSH, ATP, and SOD were significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05) in transportation chickens compared to control. We conclude that the traditional transportation of indigenous Sudanese chickens affected their welfare, and this was associated with farmers\u2019 low perceptions of chicken welfare, and stress-induced blood profile changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:10:36Z","timestamp":1756080636000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Traditional Transportation Methods and Their Influence on Local Chicken Welfare, Behavior, and Blood Profiles: A Policy Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Saber Y.","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, Nyala 155, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4015-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelkareem A.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur University College, Nyala 155, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Jammaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Law and Sharia, University of Nyala, Nyala 155, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Rashid","family":"AL Makhmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Law and Sharia, University of Nyala, Nyala 155, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8993-3507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosameldeen Mohamed","family":"Husien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Albutana University, Rufaa 22217, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0380-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Osman Abdalrahem","family":"Essa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Albutana University, Rufaa 22217, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4497-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamada","family":"Elwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minya 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5707-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Shehab-El-Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Poultry Production, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, AL-Qassim, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4430-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaaban S.","family":"Elnesr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1314-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Al-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 11865, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0500-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mitchell, M., and Kettlewell, P. 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