{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:39:37Z","timestamp":1760060377810,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A zoo-housed alpaca was found recumbent with profuse frothy salivation and an inability to stand. Supportive treatment, including intravenous fluid therapy via the jugular vein and oral administration of activated charcoal, was initiated. Despite these interventions, the animal\u2019s condition progressively worsened, with clinical signs including vomiting and neurological manifestations such as paddling movements and opisthotonus. The alpaca died approximately 4 h after discovery by first observation of clinical signs. Necropsy revealed a large volume of white, foamy fluid present in the tracheal and bronchial lumens. The lungs were dark red and markedly congested and edematous throughout all lobes. Multiple ecchymotic hemorrhages were observed on the mucosal surface of the pyloric region of the third compartment of the stomach and on the serosal surface of the duodenum. Histopathological examination revealed severe pulmonary congestion and edema, along with marked congestion of the liver, spleen, and kidneys. The gastric contents were green and contained plant material, including ten leaves morphologically identified as Japanese pieris (Pieris japonica). Postmortem inspection of the enclosure revealed the presence of Japanese pieris shrubs with evidence of browsing. Based on these findings, acute poisoning from ingestion of Japanese pieris was diagnosed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T06:26:31Z","timestamp":1756189591000},"page":"806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Suspected Japanese Pieris (Pieris japonica) Poisoning in an Alpaca (Vicugna pacos)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Saki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Takimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morioka Zoological Park ZOOMO, Morioka 020-0803, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morioka Zoological Park ZOOMO, Morioka 020-0803, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsunenori","family":"Tsujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morioka Zoological Park ZOOMO, Morioka 020-0803, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8319-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi1947.95.7_778","article-title":"Studies on the constituents of the leaves of Paeris japonica D. don. IV. The isolation and the structure of pieristoxin F, pieristoxin G and several toxic components (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"95","author":"Katai","year":"1975","journal-title":"Yakugaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"A case report of Japanese Pieris poisoning in sheep","volume":"24","author":"Ajito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Large Anim. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879200400330","article-title":"Japanese Pieris toxicosis of goats","volume":"4","author":"Plumlee","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.573","article-title":"Grayanotoxin poisoning in three goats","volume":"218","author":"Puschner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1978.173.01.78","article-title":"Japanese Pieris poisoning in the goat","volume":"173","author":"Smith","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"85","article-title":"Fetal mummification in a goat due to Japanese Pieris (Pieris japonica) poisoning","volume":"69","author":"Smith","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114001256","article-title":"Reference values for biochemical parameters in blood serum of young and adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos)","volume":"8","author":"Husakova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-012-9162-2","article-title":"Grayanotoxin poisoning: \u2018mad honey disease\u2019 and beyond","volume":"12","author":"Jansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi1947.79.8_1057","article-title":"Isolation of Desacetylandromedotoxin (grayanotoxin III) and Pieristoxin C from the leaves of Pieris japonica","volume":"79","author":"Meguri","year":"1959","journal-title":"Yakugaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1254\/fpj.81.105","article-title":"Pharmacological studies on the mechanisms of asebotoxin III-induced centrogenic pulmonary hemorrhagic edema in guinea pigs","volume":"81","author":"Harada","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.27.874","article-title":"Subchronic toxicity of ericaceous toxins and Rhododendron leaves","volume":"27","author":"Hikino","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5198(19)52904-3","article-title":"Asebotoxin-induced centrogenic pulmonary hemorrhage in guinea pigs","volume":"31","author":"Takeya","year":"1981","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"310","article-title":"Case of honey intoxication in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Inagaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chudoku Kenkyu."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818789482","article-title":"Grayanotoxin I intoxication in pet pigs","volume":"55","author":"Pischon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/9\/806\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:32:27Z","timestamp":1760034747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/9\/806"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12090806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12090806","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-7381"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]}}}