{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:34:30Z","timestamp":1774938870526,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial diseases are widespread in pet birds, posing a severe threat in nestlings and birds with weakened immune systems, often resulting in high mortality during the first days after hatching. This study aimed to describe the pathological findings of a natural bacterial co-infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in nestling European goldfinches (Carduelis carduelis), as a cause of mortality after hatching. Eight nestlings kept in a breeding facility showed an inability to move, anorexia, and respiratory distress, and were found dead between 1 and 4 days of life. Gross pathological findings included diffuse pneumonia with edema and multifocal hemorrhages and occasionally hepatic necrosis. On histopathology, the main findings in all examined birds included severe, subacute bronchopneumonia and severe necrotizing hepatitis. Gram-negative bacilli were observed in parabronchial walls, within pulmonary arteries and surrounding hepatocellular necrotic foci. Lungs, livers and kidneys were sampled for bacteriological examination, resulting in two Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Four housekeeping genes (i.e., 16S rRNA; rpoB; khe; ecfX) were amplified and sequenced for bacterial identification at species level. Although K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa are common Gram-negative pathogens and are often co-isolated in human bacterial pneumonia, co-infection with these bacteria has not been documented in nestling goldfinches to date. Pathogen identification is essential for formulating a correct etiological diagnosis and further selecting the most appropriate therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T08:19:32Z","timestamp":1756282772000},"page":"821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pathological Findings of Nestling European Goldfinches (Carduelis carduelis) Co-Infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4532-9697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Maria","family":"Abbate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le F. Stagno D\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0931-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"D\u2019Annunzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, 41100 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8825-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Falleti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le F. Stagno D\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1444-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Gervasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le F. Stagno D\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1635-2364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Ravaioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, 47122 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Lilliu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, 47122 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, 41100 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8426-4569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Carra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, 41100 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, 47122 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3436-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lanteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V. le F. Stagno D\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tully, T.N., Dorrestein, G.M., and Jones, A.K. (2009). Passerines. Handbook of Avian Medicine, Sauders. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2874-8.00008-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.10.002","article-title":"The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)","volume":"62","author":"Zuccon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-36","article-title":"Zoonoses in pet birds: Review and perspectives","volume":"44","author":"Boseret","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. 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