{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:00:48Z","timestamp":1791824448628,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Catalina Ruiz research staff training program of the Canary Islands Government\u2019s Ministry of Universities, Science, Innovation, and Culture and the European Social Fund granted to the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","award":["APCR2022010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APCR2022010003"]}]},{"name":"Catalina Ruiz research staff training program of the Canary Islands Government\u2019s Ministry of Universities, Science, Innovation, and Culture and the European Social Fund granted to the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","award":["TESIS2022010062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TESIS2022010062"]}]},{"name":"a predoctoral formation program for research personnel of the Canary Islands government","award":["APCR2022010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APCR2022010003"]}]},{"name":"a predoctoral formation program for research personnel of the Canary Islands government","award":["TESIS2022010062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TESIS2022010062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dromedary camels raised under semi-extensive management can act as One Health sentinels for environmental exposures and food chain surveillance, yet serum reference information remains scarce. Our objective was to provide the most comprehensive assessment to date of physiological and toxicological serum profiles in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) from the Canary Islands. We included 114 clinically healthy animals of different sex, age, and reproductive status. Serum samples were analyzed for essential, toxic, and potentially toxic elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, a high-throughput multi-residue method based on QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC-MS\/MS and GC-MS\/MS was used to screen for 360 organic compounds, including pesticides, veterinary drugs, human pharmaceuticals, and persistent organic pollutants. Essential elements showed biologically consistent variations according to sex, age group, and pregnancy status. Males had higher levels of selenium and copper, while calves showed elevated concentrations of manganese and zinc. Pregnant females exhibited lower iron, zinc, and selenium levels, consistent with increased fetal demand. These results provide preliminary reference values for healthy camels, stratified by physiological status. In contrast, classical toxic elements such as arsenic, mercury, lead, and cadmium were found at very low or undetectable concentrations. Several potentially toxic elements, including barium, strontium, and rare earth elements, were detected sporadically but without toxicological concern. Only 13 organic compounds (3.6%) were detected in any sample, and concentrations were consistently low. The most prevalent was the PAH acenaphthene (55.3%), followed by the fungicide procymidone and the PAH fluorene. Notably, no residues of the usually detected 4,4\u2032-DDE or PCB congeners were found in any sample. These findings confirm the low environmental and dietary exposure of camels under low-intensity farming systems and highlight their value as sentinel species for food safety and environmental monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T09:08:52Z","timestamp":1756458532000},"page":"829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comprehensive Profiling of Essential Elements and Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Dromedary Camels from the Canary Islands: A Baseline for Nutritional and Environmental Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1272-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Acosta-Dacal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe \u201cF\u00edsico\u201d 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Meli\u00e1n Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe \u201cF\u00edsico\u201d 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (HCV-ULPGC), Campus Universitario de Arucas, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7812-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Alberto","family":"Corbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe \u201cF\u00edsico\u201d 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (HCV-ULPGC), Campus Universitario de Arucas, 35413 Arucas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Mac\u00edas-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe \u201cF\u00edsico\u201d 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1534-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Zumbado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe \u201cF\u00edsico\u201d 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3610-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norberto","family":"Ruiz-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe \u201cF\u00edsico\u201d 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3280-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Mart\u00edn-Barrasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of the Hospital Universitario of Gran Canaria Dr. Negr\u00edn, Fundaci\u00f3n Canaria del Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), C. 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Barranco de la Ballena s\/n, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"IUSA-ONE HEALTH 2\u2014Sanidad Animal de la Acuicultura y Especies Silvestres, Enfermedades Infecciosas y Seguridad Alimentaria, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Spain"},{"name":"Eukaryotic-Prokaryotic Synergy\u2014Comparative and Translational Medicine (Cardiorespiratory Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Group), Fundaci\u00f3n Canaria del Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), 35012 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavio P.","family":"Luzardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe \u201cF\u00edsico\u201d 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2387-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Tejedor-Junco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe \u201cF\u00edsico\u201d 17, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfac034","article-title":"Is the Camel Conquering the World?","volume":"12","author":"Faye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. 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