{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T20:56:14Z","timestamp":1770670574657,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI)","award":["FF(KU) 7.68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(KU) 7.68"]}]},{"name":"The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand","award":["FF(KU) 7.68"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(KU) 7.68"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a progressive and often fatal disease caused by a virulent biotype of feline coronavirus (FCoV). Although antiviral treatments are now available, relapse and resistance remain ongoing concerns. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of P. indusiatus, a medicinal mushroom, for its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities against FIP. The main protease (FIPV Mpro) of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) was recombinantly expressed and purified to facilitate enzyme inhibition screening. P. indusiatus exhibited the strongest FIPV Mpro inhibitory activity among the 17 mushroom extracts tested (69.2%), showing a notable level of inhibition relative to standard antiviral agents such as lopinavir and ritonavir. To assess its anti-inflammatory potential, PBMCs derived from healthy cats and FIP-associated effusions (FIP fluid) were cultured and stimulated with LPS to induce inflammation. In healthy PBMCs, P. indusiatus significantly reduced nitrite levels, with effects similar to dexamethasone. However, PBMCs from FIP fluid, already in an activated state, showed no additional response. Notably, this study is the first to successfully isolate and culture PBMCs from FIP fluid, providing a new platform for future immunological research. These findings suggest that P. indusiatus possesses both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, positioning it as a potential dual-action therapeutic candidate for FIP. Further investigation into cytokine signaling pathways is warranted to clarify its mechanisms of action and advance future therapeutic development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T15:02:57Z","timestamp":1756825377000},"page":"847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of the Dual Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Phallus indusiatus in a Feline Infectious Peritonitis Model Using PBMCs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-3026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chularat","family":"Hlaoperm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1277-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wassamon","family":"Moyadee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emwalee","family":"Wongsaengnoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wiwat","family":"Klankaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amonpun","family":"Rattanasrisomporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary of Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atchara","family":"Paemanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Omics Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Food Biotechnology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2421-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiattawee","family":"Choowongkomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4291-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oumaporn","family":"Rungsuriyawiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jatuporn","family":"Rattanasrisomporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.10.011","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"35","author":"Hartmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. 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