{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T23:50:23Z","timestamp":1772236223467,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Guidance and Technology oriented Enterprise Cultivation Plan Project Yunnan Province","award":["202404BI090004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202404BI090004"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Guidance and Technology oriented Enterprise Cultivation Plan Project Yunnan Province","award":["Q20231308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20231308"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Guidance and Technology oriented Enterprise Cultivation Plan Project Yunnan Province","award":["23B0871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23B0871"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Guidance and Technology oriented Enterprise Cultivation Plan Project Yunnan Province","award":["2025RW001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025RW001"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Hubei Province","award":["202404BI090004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202404BI090004"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Hubei Province","award":["Q20231308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20231308"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Hubei Province","award":["23B0871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23B0871"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Hubei Province","award":["2025RW001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025RW001"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["202404BI090004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202404BI090004"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["Q20231308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20231308"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["23B0871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23B0871"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["2025RW001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025RW001"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Diseases","award":["202404BI090004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202404BI090004"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Diseases","award":["Q20231308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20231308"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Diseases","award":["23B0871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23B0871"]}]},{"name":"Open Project of Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Diseases","award":["2025RW001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025RW001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly pathogenic agent that adversely impacts swine populations, leading to considerable economic losses within the Chinese pig industry. Furthermore, the potential for PRV to transmit across species from pigs to other hosts has attracted significant attention. In light of this, it is essential to identify efficacious antiviral agents for the treatment of PRV infection. In this study, we investigated the antiviral properties of Diltiazem HCl (DTZ) against PRV infection in susceptible cell lines. Our results demonstrated that DTZ significantly inhibited PRV infection in both PK15 and Vero cells. Moreover, this chemical compound exhibited antiviral activity against both variant and classical strains of PRV, as well as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Time-of-addition assays showed that DTZ exerted its inhibitory effect through specific interference with the virus replication process. Subsequent transcriptomic analysis via RNA sequencing indicated that the calcium signaling pathway might be involved in the antiviral properties of DTZ against PRV infection. Specifically, treatment with EGTA or calcium ion (Ca2+)-free medium inhibited PRV infection; this inhibitory effect was substantially mitigated upon the reintroduction of CaCl2. In summary, DTZ effectively suppressed PRV infection in vitro, demonstrating its potential as an antiviral agent against PRV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T07:46:17Z","timestamp":1757058377000},"page":"864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antiviral Activity of Diltiazem HCl Against Pseudorabies Virus Infection In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mengting","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Decai","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Xing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Sino-Science Gene Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming 650501, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bangquan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central for Animal Disease Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central for Animal Disease Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3747-1565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoquan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of the TCM Agricultural Biogenomics, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bofang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central for Animal Disease Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, L., Wang, K., Bai, P., Zhang, S., Zuo, M., Shu, X., Wang, A., and Yao, J. 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