{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T01:17:36Z","timestamp":1788484656848,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Pisa (Italy)","award":["PRA 2020\u201369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRA 2020\u201369"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Water-soluble vitamin deficiencies are common in human chronic liver disease (CLD) due to impaired metabolic pathways. Vitamins B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), and B5 (pantothenic acid) assume critical roles in hepatic and lipid metabolism and may exert hepatoprotective effects. In canine CLD, data beyond cobalamin are sparse, and no guidelines currently endorse B-vitamin supplementation. Methods: This case\u2013control study analysed 66 stored serum samples from client-owned dogs with CLD and 50 from healthy blood-donor dogs. CLD diagnosis required persistent (&gt;2 months) elevation of at least two liver enzymes (ALP, GGT, AST, ALT) and ultrasonographic evidence of CLD. Serum vitamin concentrations were quantified by LC-MS\/MS (ng\/mL). Results: Vitamin B2 was significantly lower in CLD dogs versus controls (median 48.4 vs. 85.5 ng\/mL; p = 0.002). No significant difference was observed in B3 levels (p = 0.25). Vitamin B5 concentrations were significantly higher in the CLD group (median 176.5 vs. 116.1 ng\/mL; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Reduced B2 may reflect impaired hepatic processing or absorption in canine CLD. The presence of normal or elevated B3 and B5 may relate to alternative metabolic pathways. This constitutes the first study assessing B2, B3, and B5 in canine CLD, underscoring riboflavin\u2019s potential interest in CLD dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T08:55:02Z","timestamp":1757580902000},"page":"877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Water-Soluble Vitamins (Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid) in Dogs with Chronic Liver Disease vs. Healthy Controls"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0340-0192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Habermaass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital \u201cMario Modenato\u201d, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Cogozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital \u201cMario Modenato\u201d, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2702-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bartoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Vitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7088-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital \u201cMario Modenato\u201d, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6099-6223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital \u201cMario Modenato\u201d, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e16855","article-title":"The Role of Vitamins in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Abe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.20-142","article-title":"Vitamin B6 efficacy in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An open-label, single-arm, single-center trial","volume":"68","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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