{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:45:17Z","timestamp":1760060717275,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31760737","CGZH202104","2023AA310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31760737","CGZH202104","2023AA310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shihezi University Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Project","award":["31760737","CGZH202104","2023AA310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31760737","CGZH202104","2023AA310"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Agricultural Key Core Technology Tackling Project","award":["31760737","CGZH202104","2023AA310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31760737","CGZH202104","2023AA310"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene profile, and pathogenicity of Enterococcus faecium isolated from a large-scale cattle farm in Xinjiang, China, to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of E. faecium infections in the region. Nineteen rectal swabs were aseptically collected from diarrheic calves for bacterial isolation. Isolates were identified through morphological observation, biochemical characterization, and PCR amplification. Homology analysis was conducted using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by the disk diffusion method, and key virulence genes were detected using PCR. Pathogenicity was assessed through intraperitoneal inoculation of mice, followed by histopathological examination. Three isolates were identified as E. faecium, consistent with morphological and molecular results. Biochemical tests indicated that the strains could metabolize sucrose, maltose, lactose, melibiose, and raffinose, but not sorbitol. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolates SCQ3 and SCQ4 shared 99.3% homology with E. faecium strain MF678878.1, while SCQ11 showed 91% similarity to strain JP2. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that SCQ11 was resistant to vancomycin. PCR analysis identified the presence of multiple virulence genes, including psaA, hyp, asal, sprE, nuc, cbh, srtA, hyl, scm, and agg. In vivo pathogenicity testing demonstrated that the vancomycin-resistant strain exhibited strong virulence in mice, with gross lesions observed in the liver, spleen, and intestines. Histopathological examination confirmed varying degrees of tissue damage, particularly in the liver and spleen. All three E. faecium isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with one strain showing vancomycin resistance and harboring a high number of virulent genes. This strain demonstrated significant pathogenicity in vivo. These findings highlight the potential public health threat posed by multidrug-resistant E. faecium in livestock and provide essential data for regional prevention and control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T12:08:16Z","timestamp":1757678896000},"page":"880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation and Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium from Cattle: Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Genes, and Pathogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueqi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shilei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4344-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaymaa","family":"Abousaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman M.","family":"Abouzeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agribusiness, Applied Economics and Agriscience Education, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6479-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yayin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, F., Khan, M.N., Ahmed, S., and Andrews, S.C. (2019). Draft Genome Sequence of Enterococcus faecium SP15, a Potential Probiotic Strain Isolated from Spring Water. BMC Res. Notes, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4136-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00190-9","article-title":"Occurrence and Spread of Antibiotic Resistances in Enterococcus faecium","volume":"88","author":"Klare","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, C., Alonso, C.A., Ruiz-Ripa, L., Le\u00f3n-Sampedro, R., Del Campo, R., and Coque, T.M. (2018). Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus spp. of Animal Origin. Microbiol. Spectr., 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0032-2018"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0413","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolates of Swine Origin from Eighteen Provinces in China","volume":"83","author":"Xuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaheer, R., Cook, S.R., Barbieri, R., Goji, N., Cameron, A., Petkau, A., Polo, R.O., Tymensen, L., Stamm, C., and Song, J. (2020). Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. Reveals Distinct Species and Antimicrobial Resistance Diversity across a One-Health Continuum. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61002-5"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Im, E.J., Lee, H.H.-Y., Kim, M., and Kim, M.-K. (2023). Evaluation of Enterococcal Probiotic Usage and Review of Potential Health Benefits, Safety, and Risk of Antibiotic-Resistant Strain Emergence. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081327"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk, B., Wityk, P., Ga\u0142\u0119cka, M., and Michalik, M. (2021). The Many Faces of Enterococcus spp.\u2014Commensal, Probiotic and Opportunistic Pathogen. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091900"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferchichi, M., Sebei, K., Boukerb, A.M., Karray-Bouraoui, N., Chevalier, S., Feuilloley, M.G.J., Connil, N., and Zommiti, M. (2021). Enterococcus spp.: Is It A Bad Choice A Good Use\u2014A Conundrum Solve?. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112222"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-012-0067-6","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Virulence Factors in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from Diseased Farm Animals: Pigs, Cattle and Poultry","volume":"15","author":"Seputiene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Moradi, S., Sholeh, M., Tabaei, F.M., Lai, T., Tan, B., Meng, J., and Azizian, K. (2025). Global Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus faecium: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Isolates. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1505674"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0594-3","article-title":"The Rise in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium in Germany: Data from the German Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (ARS)","volume":"8","author":"Markwart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arredondo-Alonso, S., Top, J., McNally, A., Puranen, S., Pesonen, M., Pensar, J., Marttinen, P., Braat, J.C., Rogers, M.R.C., and Van Schaik, W. (2020). Plasmids Shaped the Recent Emergence of the Major Nosocomial Pathogen Enterococcus faecium. mBio, 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03284-19"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Solache, M., and Rice, L.B. (2019). The Enterococcus: A Model of Adaptability to Its Environment. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 32.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzman Prieto, A.M., Van Schaik, W., Rogers, M.R.C., Coque, T.M., Baquero, F., Corander, J., and Willems, R.J.L. (2016). Global Emergence and Dissemination of Enterococci as Nosocomial Pathogens: Attack of the Clones?. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00788"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01058-6","article-title":"Enterococcus faecium: Evolution, Adaptation, Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.05.017","article-title":"Enterococcus faecium Produces Membrane Vesicles Containing Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance Related Proteins","volume":"187","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2761","article-title":"The Rise of the Enterococcus: Beyond Vancomycin Resistance","volume":"10","author":"Arias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.870886","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococcus faecium Clinical Isolates","volume":"12","author":"Cattoir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.08.016","article-title":"Antimicrobial-Resistant CC17 Enterococcus faecium: The Past, the Present and the Future","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1922","article-title":"Role of Combination Antimicrobial Therapy for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Infections: Review of the Current Evidence","volume":"37","author":"Yim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.11.030","article-title":"Evolution of Virulence in Enterococcus faecium, a Hospital-Adapted Opportunistic Pathogen","volume":"41","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00770-1","article-title":"Enterococcus faecium: From Microbiological Insights to Practical Recommendations for Infection Control and Diagnostics","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00806-7","article-title":"Quantifying Acquisition and Transmission of Enterococcus faecium Using Genomic Surveillance","volume":"6","author":"Gouliouris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cebeci, T. (2024). Species Prevalence, Virulence Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococci from Food-Producing Animals at a Slaughterhouse in Turkey. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63984-y"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messele, Y., Hasoon, M., Trott, D., Veltman, T., McMeniman, J., Kidd, S., Low, W., and Petrovski, K. (2022). Longitudinal Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance among Enterococcus Species Isolated from Australian Beef Cattle Faeces at Feedlot Entry and Exit. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192690"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ocejo, M., Mugica, M., Oporto, B., Lav\u00edn, J.L., and Hurtado, A. (2024). Whole-Genome Long-Read Sequencing to Unveil Enterococcus Antimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Cattle Farms Exposed a Widespread Occurrence of Enterococcus lactis. Microbiol. Spectr., 12.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03672-23"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beukers, A.G., Zaheer, R., Goji, N., Amoako, K.K., Chaves, A.V., Ward, M.P., and McAllister, T.A. (2017). Comparative Genomics of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Bovine Feces. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0962-1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.15361\/2175-0106.2022v38n2p57-65","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecium in commercial cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Brotto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ars Vet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.611-621","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance of Commensal Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Food-Producing Animals in Russia","volume":"15","author":"Makarov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messele, Y.E., Trott, D.J., Hasoon, M.F., Veltman, T., McMeniman, J.P., Kidd, S.P., Petrovski, K.R., and Low, W.Y. (2023). Phylogeny, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Profiles of Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Australian Feedlot Cattle and Their Significance to Public and Environmental Health. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071122"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaidi, S.-Z., Zaheer, R., Poulin-Laprade, D., Scott, A., Rehman, M.A., Diarra, M., Topp, E., Domselaar, G.V., Zovoilis, A., and McAllister, T.A. (2023). Comparative Genomic Analysis of Enterococci across Sectors of the One Health Continuum. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030727"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2023.0055","article-title":"An Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Bovine Feces in Italy Shares optrA- and poxtA-Carrying Plasmids with Enterococci from Switzerland","volume":"29","author":"Cinthi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, J., De Lencastre, H., and Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, T. (2024). Genomic Analysis of Enterococcus faecium from Non-Clinical Settings: Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, and Clonal Population in Livestock and the Urban Environment. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1466990"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.491-499","article-title":"Antibiogram Profile of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in Chicken Meat from Supermarkets in Sleman District, Indonesia","volume":"18","author":"Nurrahmat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02802-12","article-title":"Development of Quantitative PCR Assays Targeting the 16S rRNA Genes of Enterococcus spp. and Their Application to the Identification of Enterococcus Species in Environmental Samples","volume":"79","author":"Ryu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (2018). M100-Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute. [28th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/fda.report\/Standards\/37761."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effects of Enterococcus faecium Preparation on Serum Biochemical, Antioxidant, and Immune Indices in Mid-Lactation Dairy Cows","volume":"39","author":"Qiaoyun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Feed Ind."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"13","article-title":"Isolation, Identification, and Biological Characterization of Enterococcus faecium from Sheep","volume":"39","author":"Fengqin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet. Med. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"16","article-title":"Characteristics of Enterococcus faecium and Research Progress on Its Application in Livestock Production","volume":"57","author":"Tiantian","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Anim. Husb. J."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Pengjuan, G. (2016). Isolation and Identification of Enterococcus faecium Phage IME-EFm5 and Study on the Key Functional Sites of Its Endolysin. [Ph.D. Thesis, Jilin University]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radford-Smith, D.E., and Anthony, D.C. (2025). Vancomycin-Resistant, E. faecium: Addressing Global and Clinical Challenges. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14050522"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S55778","article-title":"Agriculture and Food Animals as a Source of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Economou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2007.31","article-title":"The Effects of Subtherapeutic Antibiotic Use in Farm Animals on the Proliferation and Persistence of Antibiotic Resistance among Soil Bacteria","volume":"1","author":"Ghosh","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03226.x","article-title":"Mobile Genetic Elements and Their Contribution to the Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium","volume":"16","author":"Hegstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, N., Joji, R.M., and Shahid, M. (2023). Evolution and Implementation of One Health to Control the Dissemination of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes: A Review. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1065796"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00031-w","article-title":"Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Definition with a One Health Perspective","volume":"2","author":"Hibbard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Npj Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"198","article-title":"One Health and Antimicrobial Stewardship: Where to Go from Here?","volume":"63","author":"McCubbin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musoke, D., Kitutu, F.E., Mugisha, L., Amir, S., Brandish, C., Ikhile, D., Kajumbula, H., Kizito, I.M., Lubega, G.B., and Niyongabo, F. (2020). A One Health Approach to Strengthening Antimicrobial Stewardship in Wakiso District, Uganda. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110764"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00191-0","article-title":"Comparison of the Incidence of Virulence Determinants and Antibiotic Resistance between Enterococcus faecium Strains of Dairy, Animal and Clinical Origin","volume":"88","author":"Mannu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-10-309","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among Enterococci isolated from chouri\u00e7o, a traditional Portuguese dry fermented sausage","volume":"74","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bin-Asif, H., and Ali, S.A. (2019). The Genus Enterococcus and Its Associated Virulent Factors. Microorganisms, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.89083"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1428","article-title":"Detection of Virulence Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus faecium","volume":"50","author":"Jiahui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Vet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/9\/880\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:44:26Z","timestamp":1760035466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/9\/880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12090880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12090880","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-7381"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]}}}