{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:34:47Z","timestamp":1779928487945,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo (ANID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11240245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11240245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, Giardia infections affect an estimated 280 million people each year, making it a significant cause of enteric diarrheal disease. Despite being categorized as a neglected disease, the prevalence of Giardia in wild animals varies, with both mammals and birds serving as hosts. Molecular tools have identified nine Giardia species, including Giardia duodenalis with eight genotypes. Birds, with their wide-ranging habitats and movement capabilities, are crucial disseminators of Giardia. This review aimed to identify Giardia species in wild birds globally, utilizing various academic databases with search terms such as \u201cwild birds\u201d and \u201cGiardia\u201d in combination with Boolean operators for comprehensive results. Giardia spp. have been identified in thirteen orders of wild birds; however, they have been genotyped in only seven orders. Giardia duodenalis assemblage A was identified in wild birds from the Americas; meanwhile, assemblages A, B, D, and F were identified from Europe, and B and E from Asia. Assemblage B is mainly associated with humans and a wide number of wild animals. Therefore, ascertaining the prevalence of G. duodenalis and its assemblages across diverse avian species and orders is crucial to assess the potential risk of zoonotic transmission associated with the dissemination of this protozoan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12090911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T10:08:58Z","timestamp":1758276538000},"page":"911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synthesis of Giardia Species and Genotypes in Wild Birds: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1704-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Echeverry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Lientur 1457, Concepcion 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Oyarz\u00fan-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Parasitolog\u00eda, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepcion 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7398-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Landaeta-Aqueveque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patolog\u00eda y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Chillan 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2023.105430","article-title":"Proposed Taxonomic Revision of Giardia duodenalis","volume":"111","author":"Wielinga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. 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