{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T05:10:16Z","timestamp":1758949816462,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ondokuz May\u0131s University","award":["PYO.VET.1904.23.027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PYO.VET.1904.23.027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pyometra is a frequent and life-threatening reproductive disorder in bitches, characterized by profound immune and inflammatory responses within the uterus. The endocannabinoid system (eCS) is a key modulator of immune regulation, tissue homeostasis, and inflammation; however, its role in canine uterine physiology and pathology remains unexplored. This study aimed to characterize the presence and regulation of eCS components in the uterus of healthy and pyometra-affected dogs. Twenty-eight bitches were categorized into four groups: closed-cervix pyometra (CP; n = 7), open-cervix pyometra (OP; n = 7), diestrus (DE; n = 7), and anestrus (AE; n = 7). Uterine tissues were obtained by ovariohysterectomy. Serum progesterone, anandamide (AEA), and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) concentrations were quantified, while the uterine expression of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) was assessed using real-time PCR and localized by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum AEA levels were significantly reduced in CP compared with AE (p = 0.017), whereas 2-AG differences did not reach significance (p = 0.072). Both CB1 and CB2 were consistently expressed across all groups, with IHC revealing receptor-specific patterns within uterine compartments. Collectively, these findings demonstrate for the first time that the canine uterus possesses a functional eCS, and that its modulation is linked to reproductive physiology and pyometra-associated inflammatory processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12100934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1758866572000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endocannabinoid System Regulation in Pyometra-Affected and Healthy Canine Uteri"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8630-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An\u0131l G\u00fcrkan","family":"Aksu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, Samsun 55500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1553-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volkan","family":"Feraho\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, Samsun 55500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6993-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"B\u00fcy\u00fckbudak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, Samsun 55500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5514-4162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isil","family":"Unaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, Samsun 55500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7490-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aykut","family":"Gram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1408-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"F\u0131nd\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, Samsun 55500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2116-5149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serhan Serhat","family":"Ay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, Samsun 55500, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2022.01.004","article-title":"Pyometra in small animals 2.0","volume":"52","author":"Hagman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagman, R., R\u00f6nnberg, E., and Pejler, G. (2009). Canine uterine bacterial infection induces upregulation of proteolysis-related genes and downregulation of homeobox and zinc finger factors. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008039"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voorwald, F.A., Marchi, F.A., Villacis, R.A.R., Alves, C.E.F., Toniollo, G.H., Amorim, R.L., and Rogatto, S.R. (2015). Molecular expression profile reveals potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in canine endometrial lesions. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133894"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12064","article-title":"Diseases of the canine uterus","volume":"47","author":"Schlafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.05.024","article-title":"Differential expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in healthy and infected canine endometrium","volume":"76","author":"Chotimanukul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2009.07.001","article-title":"Endocannabinoids: Friends and foes of reproduction","volume":"48","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.161","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors","volume":"54","author":"Howlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.122.000600","article-title":"Goods and bads of the endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target: Lessons learned after 30 years","volume":"75","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710790980005","article-title":"Endocannabinoid binding to the cannabinoid receptors: What is known and what remains unknown","volume":"17","author":"Reggio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horne, A.W., Phillips, J.A., Kane, N., Lourenco, P.C., McDonald, S.E., Williams, A.R., and Critchley, H.O. (2008). CB1 expression is attenuated in Fallopian tube and decidua of women with ectopic pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003969"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R224","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00104.2013","article-title":"Cannabinoid 1 receptors are critical for the innate immune response to TLR4 stimulation","volume":"305","author":"Duncan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116630414","article-title":"Elevated systemic levels of endocannabinoids and related mediators across the menstrual cycle in women with endometriosis","volume":"23","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5831315","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5831315","article-title":"Interaction between cannabinoid system and toll-like receptors controls inflammation","volume":"2016","author":"McCoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-15-0211","article-title":"Role for the endocannabinoid system in the mechanisms involved in the LPS-induced preterm labor","volume":"150","author":"Bariani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20907","article-title":"Anandamide enhances IL-10 production in activated microglia by targeting CB2 receptors: Roles of ERK1\/2, JNK, and NF-\u03baB","volume":"58","author":"Correa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.7.988","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor type 1 and 2 expression in the skin of healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis","volume":"73","author":"Campora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"187","article-title":"Localization of cannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, GPR55, and PPAR\u03b1 in the canine gastrointestinal tract. Histochem","volume":"150","author":"Galiazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2011.01.003","article-title":"Identification of cannabinoid type 1 receptor in dog hair follicles","volume":"114","author":"Mercati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-010-9379-0","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of CB1 receptor in canine salivary glands","volume":"34","author":"Mercati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freundt-Revilla, J., Kegler, K., Baumg\u00e4rtner, W., and Tipold, A. (2017). Spatial distribution of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in normal canine central and peripheral nervous system. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181064"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1997.tb01699.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic criteria for sepsis in dogs","volume":"26","author":"Hauptman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.03.002","article-title":"The effects of aglepristone alone and in combination with cloprostenol on hormonal values during termination of mid-term pregnancy in bitches","volume":"146","author":"Kaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.06.057","article-title":"Distribution of cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and cytosolic phospholipase A2 in the luteal phase human endometrium and ovary","volume":"83","author":"Koraen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"58","article-title":"Cystic endometrial hyperplasia\u2013pyometra syndrome in bitches: Identification of hemodynamic, inflammatory, and cell proliferation changes","volume":"96","author":"Veiga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.11.026","article-title":"Reduced progesterone action during endometrial maturation: A potential risk factor for the development of endometriosis","volume":"83","author":"Osteen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-019-0477-x","article-title":"Body weight at 10 years of age and change in body composition between 8 and 10 years of age were related to survival in a longitudinal study of 39 Labrador retriever dogs","volume":"61","author":"Penell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa005","article-title":"The fundamental role of the endocannabinoid system in endometrium and placenta: Implications in pathophysiological aspects of uterine and pregnancy disorders","volume":"26","author":"Maia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.12.033","article-title":"The relationship between plasma levels of the endocannabinoid, anandamide, sex steroids, and gonadotrophins during the menstrual cycle","volume":"93","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.06.009","article-title":"Progesterone-dependent regulation of endometrial cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1-R) expression is disrupted in women with endometriosis and in isolated stromal cells exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)","volume":"98","author":"Resuehr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.08.020","article-title":"An LC-ESI-MS\/MS method for the simultaneous determination of pronuciferine and roemerine in some Papaver species","volume":"1096","author":"Bayazeid","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000489032","article-title":"Determination of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Analytical and preanalytical challenges and pitfalls","volume":"1","author":"Lanz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Cannabis Cannabinoids"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.08.006","article-title":"The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and metabolizing enzymes during rat fetoplacental development: A role in uterine remodelling","volume":"42","author":"Fonseca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23132","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915389116","article-title":"Self-renewing endometrial epithelial organoids of the human uterus","volume":"116","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24790-6","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling of canine decidualization and effects of antigestagens on decidualized dog uterine stromal cells","volume":"12","author":"Kazemian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.61.433","article-title":"Histological characteristics of canine deciduoma induced by intrauterine inoculation of E. coli suspension","volume":"61","author":"Nomura","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-121","article-title":"Spatio-temporal expression patterns of anandamide-binding receptors in rat implantation sites: Evidence for a role of the endocannabinoid system during the period of placental development","volume":"7","author":"Fonseca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrin."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-152","article-title":"Modulation of the endocannabinoid system in viable and non-viable first trimester pregnancies by pregnancy-related hormones","volume":"9","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01414.x","article-title":"Endocrinologic control of normal canine ovarian function","volume":"44","author":"Concannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01487-w","article-title":"Commentary: Paying a price for plasticity\u2014What the endometrium has to do with it!","volume":"36","author":"Albertini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.02.006","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system regulates migration of endometrial stromal cells via cannabinoid receptor 1 through the activation of PI3K and ERK1\/2 pathways","volume":"93","author":"Gentilini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00488-x","article-title":"Novel immortalization approach defers senescence of cultured canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"44","author":"Gaschen","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12885","article-title":"Isolation, proliferation and characterization of endometrial canine stem cells","volume":"52","author":"Grolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2222","article-title":"Loss of endometrial plasticity in recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"34","author":"Lucas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, G., Di Nisio, V., Chiominto, A., Cecconi, S., and Maccarrone, M. (2023). Endocannabinoid system components of the female mouse reproductive tract are modulated during reproductive aging. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087542"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.10.004","article-title":"Gene transcription of TLR2, TLR4, LPS ligands and prostaglandin synthesis enzymes are up-regulated in canine uteri with cystic endometrial hyperplasia\u2013pyometra complex","volume":"84","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-016-1269-7","article-title":"Heparin exerts anti-apoptotic effects on uterine explants by targeting the endocannabinoid system","volume":"21","author":"Salazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12120","article-title":"The cannabinoid TRPA1 agonist cannabichromene inhibits nitric oxide production in macrophages and ameliorates murine colitis","volume":"169","author":"Romano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109600","article-title":"Corrigendum to \u201cCannabinoid receptor 2 activation alleviates septic lung injury by promoting autophagy via inhibition of inflammatory mediator release\u201d [Cellular signaling 69(2020) 109556]","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12695","article-title":"Curcumae Longae Rhizoma and Saussureae Radix inhibit nitric oxide production and cannabinoid receptor 2 down-regulation","volume":"36","author":"Tanikawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04999-8","article-title":"Monoacylglycerol lipase regulates cannabinoid receptor 2-dependent macrophage activation and cancer progression","volume":"9","author":"Xiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh186","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in innate immunity","volume":"17","author":"Takeda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.01.018","article-title":"Degeneration and apoptosis of endometrial cells in the bitch","volume":"66","author":"Chu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2006.11.004","article-title":"Expression of toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4, and 9 genes in the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle","volume":"74","author":"Hirata","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freundt-Revilla, J., Heinrich, F., Zoerner, A., Gesell, F., Beyerbach, M., Shamir, M., and Tipold, A. (2018). The endocannabinoid system in canine steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis and intraspinal spirocercosis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187197"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/63.9.901","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases","volume":"63","author":"Minghetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.03.012","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor antagonists and fatty acids alter endocannabinoid system gene expression and COX activity","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.07.013","article-title":"Cannabinoids and the human uterus during pregnancy","volume":"190","author":"Dennedy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.11.023","article-title":"Role of the endocannabinoid system in the control of mouse myometrium contractility during the menstrual cycle","volume":"124","author":"Pagano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(96)00059-7","article-title":"Differential expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 proteins in rat uterus and cervix during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, labor and in myometrial cells","volume":"52","author":"Dong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2003.04.002","article-title":"Prostaglandin synthases: Recent developments and a novel hypothesis","volume":"70","author":"Helliwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00204-1","article-title":"Cyclooxygenases and prostaglandins: Shaping up the immune response","volume":"2","author":"Rocca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8711","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.618447","article-title":"Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are intracellular carriers for \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"290","author":"Elmes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/10\/934\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T04:40:20Z","timestamp":1758948020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/10\/934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12100934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12100934","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2306-7381"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]}}}