{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:21:56Z","timestamp":1759537316587,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania spp., transmitted by sandflies, and endemic in 98 countries. Leishmania infantum, the main agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Europe, commonly infects both humans and animals, with dogs as the principal domestic reservoir. Clinical manifestations in dogs depend on the host immune response. A robust Th1 response facilitates macrophage activation and parasite control, while persistently elevated TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 can lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Current treatments reduce parasite load but rarely achieve complete cure and are often associated with relapses and resistance. Artemisia annua, source of artemisinin, could be a promising alternative to canine leishmaniasis. Despite its potential, no published studies have investigated its effect specifically against Leishmania infantum as well as its possible dual action: antiparasitic and immunomodulation. We conducted in vitro evaluations of a standardized Artemisia annua extract. Leishmanicidal activity was assessed against both promastigote and amastigote stages, and cytokine modulation was evaluated in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The extract showed strong leishmanicidal activity without cytotoxicity and significantly reduced TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 levels under inflammatory conditions, and in both cases, efficiency was correlated with artemisinin content. These results support Artemisia annua as a promising safer therapeutic adjuvant candidate for canine leishmaniasis, targeting both the parasite and the host inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12100950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T11:06:02Z","timestamp":1759316762000},"page":"950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Standardized Artemisia annua Exhibits Dual Antileishmanial Activity and Immunomodulatory Potential In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Estefania","family":"Morua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotech Tricopharming Research, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Cuyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotech Tricopharming Research, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3486-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Bethencourt-Estrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de la Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine, and Parasitology, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de la Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center on Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-8221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atteneri","family":"L\u00f3pez-Arencibia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de la Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine, and Parasitology, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de la Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center on Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Garrido Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Food Technology and Safety (CNTA), 31570 San Adrian, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Sa\u00f1udo Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Food Technology and Safety (CNTA), 31570 San Adrian, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Lorenzo-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de la Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine, and Parasitology, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de la Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center on Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6233-8224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Pi\u00f1ero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de la Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Toxicology, Legal and Forensic Medicine, and Parasitology, University of La Laguna, 38200 San Crist\u00f3bal de la Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center on Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anabel","family":"Yetano Cunchillos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Food Technology and Safety (CNTA), 31570 San Adrian, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4639-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Virto Resano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Food Technology and Safety (CNTA), 31570 San Adrian, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Mat\u00edas-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotech Tricopharming Research, 08018 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilas-Boas, D.F., Nakasone, E.K.N., Gon\u00e7alves, A.A.M., Lair, D.F., Oliveira, D.S.D., Pereira, D.F.S., Silva, G.G., Conrado, I.D.S.S., Resende, L.A., and Zald\u00edvar, M.F. 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