{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T23:18:01Z","timestamp":1793661481514,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00337663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00337663"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003668","name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00398561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00398561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated serum neurofilament light chain (NfL) as a biomarker for spinal cord diseases in dogs, including 46 healthy dogs and 76 with conditions, such as intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH), syringomyelia (SM), fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE), and acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE). There was a significant difference in serum NfL levels between healthy dogs (12.55 pg\/mL) and those with spinal cord diseases (91.10 pg\/mL; p &lt; 0.0001). The NfL level in dogs with SM (50.7 pg\/mL) was significantly lower than that in dogs with IVDH (99.3 pg\/mL; p = 0.012) and those with other diseases, including FCE and ANNPE (241.0 pg\/mL; p = 0.002). The area under the curve for differentiating between dogs with spinal cord diseases and healthy dogs was 0.91, with an optimal NfL cutoff value of 30.31 pg\/mL (sensitivity of 80.68%; specificity of 91.30%). For dogs with IVDH treated solely with medication, the serum NfL levels in the Poor and Static group (180.0 pg\/mL) were significantly higher than those in the Partial and Good group (81.30 pg\/mL) (p = 0.03). Serum NfL is a promising biomarker for neuroaxonal injury, aiding in differentiating SM from other spinal cord diseases and evaluating treatment response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12100966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:50:16Z","timestamp":1760107816000},"page":"966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain in Canine Spinal Cord Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3396-2738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaerin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1372-4430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taesik","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9816-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8882-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakhyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4471-4342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeong-Teck","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.08.004","article-title":"Acute herniation of nondegenerate nucleus pulposus: Acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion and compressive hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion","volume":"48","author":"Fenn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16480","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement on diagnosis and management of acute canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"36","author":"Olby","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.08.004","article-title":"Clinical correlates of elevated serum concentrations of cytokines and autoantibodies in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"88","author":"Davies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.26","article-title":"Structural biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid within 24 h after a traumatic spinal cord injury: A descriptive analysis of 16 subjects","volume":"52","author":"Pouw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.28","article-title":"A pilot study on temporal changes in IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 serum levels after spinal cord injury: The serum level of TNF-\u03b1 in acute SCI patients as a possible marker for neurological remission","volume":"53","author":"Biglari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.06.001","article-title":"Intervertebral disc disease in dogs-part 2: Comparison of clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and histological findings in 74 surgically treated dogs","volume":"195","author":"Kranenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bach, F.S., Mai, W., Weber, L.F.S., Villanova Junior, J.A., Bianchi de Oliveira, L., and Montiani-Ferreira, F. (2022). Association between spinal cord compression ratio in magnetic resonance imaging, initial neurological status, and recovery after ventral slot in 57 dogs with cervical disc extrusion. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1029127"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307454","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain is a biomarker of human spinal cord injury severity and outcome","volume":"86","author":"Kuhle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24954","article-title":"Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Cohort Study Group. Serum neurofilament light: A biomarker of neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis","volume":"81","author":"Disanto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z","article-title":"Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.03.015","article-title":"Neurofilament phosphoforms: Surrogate markers for axonal injury, degeneration and loss","volume":"233","author":"Petzold","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16184","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Yun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17110","article-title":"Use of neurofilament light chain to identify structural brain diseases in dogs","volume":"38","author":"Sung","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.01.007","article-title":"Multilevel somatosensory evoked potentials and cerebrospinal proteins: Indicators of spinal cord injury in thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery","volume":"31","author":"Winnerkvist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-018-1008-3","article-title":"Recent update on basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury","volume":"43","author":"Quadri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-0171-4","article-title":"Abnormalities in spinal cord ultrastructure in a rat model of post-traumatic syringomyelia","volume":"17","author":"Berliner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.6.902","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease: 69 cases (1997\u20132005)","volume":"228","author":"Besalti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.2.217","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with traumatic intervertebral disk extrusion with or without spinal cord compression: 31 cases (2006\u20132010)","volume":"242","author":"Henke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12359","article-title":"Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusions and protrusions in large breed dogs","volume":"57","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.4.495","article-title":"Association of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings with outcome in dogs with presumptive acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion: 42 cases (2000\u20132007)","volume":"234","author":"Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00124.x","article-title":"Fibrocartilaginous embolism in 75 dogs: Clinical findings and factors influencing the recovery rate","volume":"44","author":"Gandini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Small. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01951.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical associations in 52 dogs with suspected ischemic myelopathy","volume":"21","author":"Adams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusbridge, C., Stringer, F., and Knowler, S.P. (2018). Clinical application of diagnostic imaging of Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00280"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.22-0134","article-title":"Ventriculomegaly in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari-like malformation: Relationship with clinical and imaging findings","volume":"84","author":"Tirrito","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50942","article-title":"Neurofilament light is a treatment-responsive biomarker in CLN2 disease","volume":"6","author":"Ru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-01951-0","article-title":"Plasma neurofilament light chain as a translational biomarker of aging and neurodegeneration in dogs","volume":"57","author":"Panek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135593","article-title":"Neurofilament light plasma concentration positively associates with age and negatively associates with weight and height in the dog","volume":"744","author":"Perino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1155","article-title":"Association between neurofilament light chain concentration and lesion size in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin","volume":"9","author":"Yun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stelzer, G., Rosen, N., Plaschkes, I., Zimmerman, S., Twik, M., Fishilevich, S., Stein, T.I., Nudel, R., Lieder, I., and Mazor, Y. (2016). The GeneCards suite: From gene data mining to disease genome sequence analyses. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform., 54.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.5"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00049.x","article-title":"Thoracolumbar disc disease in 71 paraplegic dogs: Influence of rate of onset and duration of clinical signs on treatment results","volume":"43","author":"Ferreira","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.762","article-title":"Long-term functional outcome of dogs with severe injuries of the thoracolumbar spinal cord: 87 cases (1996\u20132001)","volume":"222","author":"Olby","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.11.1225","article-title":"Comparison of decompressive surgery, electroacupuncture, and decompressive surgery followed by electroacupuncture for the treatment of dogs with intervertebral disk disease with long-standing severe neurologic deficits","volume":"236","author":"Joaquim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.4.386","article-title":"Factors associated with recovery from paraplegia in dogs with loss of pain perception in the pelvic limbs following intervertebral disk herniation","volume":"248","author":"Jeffery","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.02.016","article-title":"Description and repeatability of a newly developed spinal cord injury scale for dogs","volume":"89","author":"Levine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0393.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with neurologic impairment due to acute thoracic and lumbar intervertebral disk herniation","volume":"23","author":"Levine","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12039.x","article-title":"Acute adverse events associated with ventral slot decompression in 546 dogs with cervical intervertebral disc disease","volume":"42","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santifort, K.M., Carrera, I., Bossens, K., and Mandigers, P.J.J. (2023). Phenotypic characterization of Pomeranians with or without Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1320942"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santifort, K.M., Carrera, I., and Mandigers, P.J.J. (2024). Longitudinal assessment of syringomyelia in Pomeranians. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1364464"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.9.1601","article-title":"Morphologic and morphometric magnetic resonance imaging features of Doberman Pinschers with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy","volume":"67","author":"Parent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13981","article-title":"Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy in doberman pinschers","volume":"30","author":"Provencher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E81","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31823f2f55","article-title":"Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging characteristics: Evaluation of prognostic value in the dog as a translational model for spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Boekhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Spinal. Disord. Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1002\/vro2.61","article-title":"A case series of 37 surgically managed, paraplegic, deep pain negative French bulldogs, with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion, from two English referral centres","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Open"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.21209","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve: Overview and practical use for clinicians","volume":"75","author":"Nahm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Dewey, C.W., and da Costa, R.C. (2015). Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology, John Wiley & Sons. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12885","article-title":"Comparison of creatine kinase in cerebrospinal fluid collected from the cerebellomedullary and lumbar cisterna in 10 dogs with neurologic disease","volume":"49","author":"Lampe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15981","article-title":"Use of C-reactive protein concentration in evaluation of diskospondylitis in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Trub","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-10051-4","article-title":"Effect of acupuncture on the energy metabolism of dogs with intervertebral disk disease and cervical disk herniation: A pilot study","volume":"47","author":"Sawamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aronson, J.K., and Ferner, R.E. (2017). Biomarkers-A general review. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol., 76.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpph.19"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206744","article-title":"Association of CSF and Serum Neurofilament Light and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Injury Severity, and Outcome in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"100","author":"Stukas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(73)90046-7","article-title":"Spinal cord infarction due to emboli arising from the intervertebral discs in the dog","volume":"83","author":"Griffiths","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(92)50081-X","article-title":"Intervertebral disc disease","volume":"22","author":"Simpson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-34-2-135","article-title":"The canine intervertebral disk. part Two: Degenerative changes\u2013nonchondrodystrophoid versus chondrodystrophoid disks","volume":"34","author":"Bray","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.06.001","article-title":"Intervertebral disc disease in dogs","volume":"40","author":"Brisson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spitzbarth, I., Moore, S.A., Stein, V.M., Levine, J.M., K\u00fchl, B., Gerhauser, I., Baumg\u00e4rtner, W., and Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT-SCI) (2020). Current insights into the pathology of canine intervertebral disc extrusion-induced spinal cord injury. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.595796"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5304","article-title":"Characteristics of CSF velocity-time profile in posttraumatic syringomyelia","volume":"38","author":"Yeo","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16251","article-title":"Serum phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain as a diagnostic biomarker for progressive myelomalacia in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation","volume":"35","author":"Murthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Risio, L. (2015). A review of fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy and different types of peracute non-compressive intervertebral disk extrusions in dogs and cats. Front. Vet. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00024"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olby, N.J., da Costa, R.C., Levine, J.M., Stein, V.M., and Canine Spinal Cord Injury Consortium (CANSORT SCI) (2020). Prognostic factors in canine acute intervertebral disc disease. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.596059"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330412","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain levels at attack predict post-attack disability worsening and are mitigated by inebilizumab: Analysis of four potential biomarkers in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"94","author":"Aktas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07277-8","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review and integrated analysis with glial fibrillary acidic protein","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, J.L., Cheng, M.Y., Liao, M.F., Hsu, H.C., Weng, Y.C., Chang, K.H., Chang, H.S., Kuo, H.C., Huang, C.C., and Lyu, R.K. (2019). A comparison between spinal cord infarction and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: Clinical and MRI studies. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43606-8"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031482","article-title":"Serum neurofilament to magnetic resonance imaging lesion area ratio differentiates spinal cord infarction from acute myelitis","volume":"52","author":"Sechi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.03.007","article-title":"Pathogenetic role of myelitis for syringomyelia","volume":"109","author":"Ravaglia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"959","article-title":"MR imaging of acute spinal cord injury: Results of an experimental study in dogs","volume":"11","author":"Frija","year":"1990","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910320410","article-title":"Quantitative MRI of spinal cord injury in a rat model","volume":"32","author":"Falconer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"926","article-title":"The relationship between the functional abilities of patients with cervical spinal cord injury and the severity of damage revealed by MR imaging","volume":"20","author":"Flanders","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Otamendi, A., Boudreau, B., Gilmour, L., Griffin, J., Levine, J., and Jeffery, N. (2017, January 8\u201310). Imaging Findings at 3T and Clinical Outcome in Deep-Pain Negative Dogs with Intervertebral Disc Herniation. Proceedings of the 2017 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, National Harbor, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14715","article-title":"Comparison of preoperative quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and clinical assessment of deep pain perception as prognostic tools for early recovery of motor function in paraplegic dogs with intervertebral disk herniations","volume":"31","author":"Siedenburg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/10\/966\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:29:02Z","timestamp":1760110142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/10\/966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12100966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12100966","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]}}}