{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T16:36:55Z","timestamp":1760978215017,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K15667","22K05995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K15667","22K05995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cardiomyopathy in cats and is classified as obstructive (HOCM) or non-obstructive based on anatomical differences in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). In severe obstructive cases, while beta-blockers are the recommended initial treatment in humans, some patients exhibit treatment resistance. For these cases, the addition of the antiarrhythmic agent disopyramide is common. However, its use in cats has only been documented in a case report. In this study, the use of disopyramide resulted in a significant reduction in the LVOT velocity and cardiac troponin I levels. Additionally, no significant adverse effects were observed. These findings suggest that disopyramide could be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment in cats with HOCM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12100999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T15:20:12Z","timestamp":1760973612000},"page":"999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disopyramide Therapy in Cats with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Non-Responsive to Carvedilol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2555-9248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuji","family":"Satomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9451-5854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryohei","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6293-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunosuke","family":"Yuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Kanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miyuki","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9646-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Teshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211020162","article-title":"The Feline Cardiomyopathies: 2. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"23","author":"Kittleson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp030779","article-title":"Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy","volume":"350","author":"Nishimura","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021332","article-title":"Effect of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction on Clinical Outcome in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"348","author":"Maron","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e1239","article-title":"2024 AHA\/ACC\/AMSSM\/HRS\/PACES\/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"149","author":"Steve","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-20-0910","article-title":"JCS\/JHFS 2018 Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies","volume":"85","author":"Kitaoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15745","article-title":"ACVIM Consensus Statement Guidelines for the Classification, Diagnosis, and Management of Cardiomyopathies in Cats","volume":"34","author":"Abbott","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.11.2807","article-title":"Carvedilol Produces Dose-Related Improvements in Left Ventricular Function and Survival in Subjects with Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"94","author":"Bristow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-09-0456","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Prognostic Effect of Carvedilol in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure Special Reference to Ranscardiac Gradient of Norepinephrine","volume":"73","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00421-0","article-title":"A Cohort Study of Childhood Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Improved Survival Following High-Dose Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Treatment","volume":"34","author":"Wettrell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.18-0718","article-title":"Left Ventricular Geometric Characteristics Predict Response to Carvedilol in Cats with Asymptomatic Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Caused by Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve","volume":"81","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, R., Mochizuki, Y., Yuchi, Y., Yasumura, Y., Saito, T., Teshima, T., Matsumoto, H., and Koyama, H. (2019). Assessment of Myocardial Function in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Cats with and without Response to Medical Treatment by Carvedilol. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2141-0"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2024.132913","article-title":"The Effect of Disopyramide Therapy on Functional Capacity Improvement in Patients with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"421","author":"Erata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e4526","article-title":"Disopyramide for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.012","article-title":"Multicenter Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Disopyramide in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"45","author":"Sherrid","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2020.04.002","article-title":"Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Pressure Gradient Changes after Carvedilol\u2013Disopyramide Cotherapy in a Cat with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy","volume":"29","author":"Hori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satomi, S., Suzuki, R., Yuchi, Y., Yoshii, Y., Kanno, H., Teshima, T., and Matsumoto, H. (2025). Relationship Between Cardiac Troponin I Concentration and Myocardial Function in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Cats with or Without Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15091313"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.03.027","article-title":"Patterns of Left Ventricular Remodeling in Chronic Heart Failure: Prevalence and Prognostic Implications","volume":"161","author":"Dini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.03.025","article-title":"Usefulness of Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Hypertensive Crisis and the Effect of Medical Treatment","volume":"112","author":"Alam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suchodolski, A., W\u00f3jcik-Giertuga, M., Kos-Kud\u0142a, B., and Szulik, M. (2024). Acromegaly in Speckle Tracking Echocardiography\u2014A New Cardiac Hypertrophy Phenotype? Case Report and Review. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14111459"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15339","article-title":"Layer-Specific Myocardial Function in Asymptomatic Cats with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Assessed Using 2-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography","volume":"33","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.01.070","article-title":"Characteristic Myocardial Strain Identified in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Subjects with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Using a Novel Multi-Layer Transthoracic Echocardiography Technique","volume":"184","author":"Ozawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-15-0646","article-title":"Myocardial Shortening in 3 Orthogonal Directions and Its Transmural Variation in Patients with Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"79","author":"Okada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X231151479","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231151479","article-title":"QT Interval Instability and QRS Interval Dispersion in Healthy Cats and Cats with a Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Phenotype","volume":"25","author":"Bastos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1920.tb18267.x","article-title":"Die Systolendauer Im Elektrokardiogramm Bei Normalen Menschen Und Bei Herzkranken","volume":"53","author":"Fridericia","year":"1920","journal-title":"Acta Medica Scand."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(75)90025-9","article-title":"Mechanism of Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction in Patients with Obstructive Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy (Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis)","volume":"35","author":"Henry","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(87)90701-0","article-title":"An Integrated Mechanism for Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Based on Echocardiographic Observations","volume":"113","author":"Jiang","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2003.12.012","article-title":"Biphasic Left Ventricular Outflow and Its Mechanism in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy","volume":"17","author":"Conklin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90196-8","article-title":"An Echocardiographic Study of the Fluid Machanics of Obstruction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"Sherrid","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01722-3","article-title":"Impact of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Area on Systolic Outflow Velocity in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"39","author":"Qin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2006.08.001","article-title":"Pathophysiology and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"49","author":"Sherrid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2019.06.004","article-title":"Electrophysiological and Contractile Effects of Disopyramide in Patients With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Translational Study","volume":"4","author":"Coppini","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, T., Suzuki, R., Yuchi, Y., Fukuoka, H., Satomi, S., Teshima, T., and Matsumoto, H. (2025). Post-Carvedilol Myocardial Function in Cats with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1571850"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.07.065","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Metoprolol in Patients With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"78","author":"Dybro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703133361107","article-title":"The Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"336","author":"Spirito","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e037639","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.037639","article-title":"Disopyramide Revisited for Treatment of Symptomatic Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Efficacy and Safety in Patients Treated for at Least 5\u2009Years","volume":"14","author":"Massera","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yedidya, I., Elbaz Greener, G., Vaturi, M., Sagie, A., Amir, O., Carasso, S., and Monakier, D. (2022). Impact of Short-Acting Disopyramide on Left Ventricular Mechanics Evaluated by Strain Analysis in Patients with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247325"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.09.1381","article-title":"Effect of Mavacamten on Echocardiographic Features in Symptomatic Patients With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"78","author":"Hegde","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex215","article-title":"Marked Respiratory-Related Fluctuations in Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradients in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: An Observational Study","volume":"19","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12951","article-title":"Postprandial Hemodynamics in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"32","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4464","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae590","article-title":"Cardiac Biomarkers and Effects of Aficamten in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The SEQUOIA-HCM Trial","volume":"45","author":"Coats","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12459","article-title":"Plasma Cardiac Troponin I Concentration and Cardiac Death in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"28","author":"Borgeat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12407","article-title":"Cardiac Troponin I and T as Prognostic Markers in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"28","author":"Langhorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005152","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005152","article-title":"Safety of Outpatient Initiation of Disopyramide for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients","volume":"6","author":"Adler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/10\/999\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T15:36:08Z","timestamp":1760974568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/10\/999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12100999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12100999","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}}}