{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:30:09Z","timestamp":1790141409906,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Animal Health project CALV-AH-396","award":["CALV-AH-396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CALV-AH-396"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cow bunching is a behavioral phenomenon where cattle aggregate in tight groups to protect themselves from biting by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.). The incidence of bunching varies between dairies and even among pens within the same dairy, as it is associated with the location-specific biting intensity of stable flies, which largely varies with dairy management and local environmental factors. Bunching may be associated with decreased feeding and laying times, as well as heat stress due to cattle aggregation. Thus, bunching may affect dairy cows\u2019 milk production by reducing dry matter intake and rumination. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies specifically addressing the effect of cow bunching on milk production in lactating dairy cows. The objectives of our study were to estimate the economic impact of cow bunching against stable flies on milk production on a commercial California dairy and to estimate the economic losses associated with cow bunching and stable fly biting per cow per year. A longitudinal study was conducted from 1 May 2017 through 31 July 2017 on a 5000-cow Holstein herd housed in free stall pens in Tulare County, California. Pen-level cow bunching in four lactating cow pens was recorded weekly for 12 weeks. Bunching observations each day were matched to daily milk records for the study dairy. Two-piece spline linear mixed models were used to estimate the impact of cow bunching and stable fly counts on milk production. Cows in pens where bunching occurred experienced a significant milk reduction of 0.45 kg \u00b1 0.104 (SE) per cow (p &lt; 0.01) on the day of bunching in comparison to cows in pens without bunching. There was a significant reduction of 0.6 kg\/cow\/day in milk production associated with each increase in one stable fly per cow leg (standard metric for recording stable fly biting activity) after adjusting for parity, temperature humidity index (THI), and days in milk (DIM). Based on the economic analysis conducted on weekly bunching and fly counts, modeled milk production losses were reported as weekly loss in milk revenue per cow. The estimated economic loss associated with cow bunching and stable fly counts was highest during the last week of May (USD 0.34\/cow\/week and USD 1.86\/cow\/week, respectively) and was lowest during the last week of July (USD 0.03\/cow\/week and USD 0.29\/cow\/week, respectively). To mitigate the most substantial economic loss, dairy producers should focus their efforts on controlling stable flies during the early stable fly season, when stable fly abundance tends to be highest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12111035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:51:42Z","timestamp":1761526302000},"page":"1035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Daily Milk Losses Associated with Dairy Cow Bunching, Cattle\u2019s Protective Behavior Against Stable Flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) in California"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6466-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wagdy R.","family":"ElAshmawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda C.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clean Air Task Force, Boston, MA 02109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7534-732X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deniece R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8494-3588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alec C.","family":"Gerry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0330-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharif S.","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9912","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11484","article-title":"Short communication: Relationship between serum cortisol concentration and defensive behavioral responses of dairy cows exposed to natural infestation by stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans","volume":"99","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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