{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:49:10Z","timestamp":1770972550842,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016692","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024BBF02014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BBF02014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Earmarked Foundation for the China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-36"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province Project","award":["2022TZXD0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TZXD0021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024QC275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024QC275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ey Research and Development Program of Shandong Province Project","award":["2022CXPT010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CXPT010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to characterize Mycoplasmosis bovis strain 16M\u2014a highly virulent isolate from one Chinese outbreak\u2014as a candidate for challenge models and inactivated vaccine development. We assessed strain 16M through morphological observation, PCR identification, drug susceptibility testing, growth titer and biofilm quantification, immunological profiling, and calf challenge experiments. We used genomic resequencing to evaluate the genetic stability across 150 passages. Classified as the prevalent ST52 lineage in China, strain 16M showed phylogenetic proximity to strain 08M and exhibited multidrug resistance (notably to macrolides). It achieved higher titers and stronger biofilm formation than other isolates and the reference strain PG45. In calves, intratracheal inoculation with 16M induced universal infection, severe pulmonary consolidation, and peribronchial cuffing, with significantly higher disease scores (p &lt; 0.01). The inactivated 16M vaccine elicited elevated antigen-specific IgG titers, PBMC proliferation, and IFN-\u03b3 production versus PG45. Post challenge, immunized calves showed reduced pathological lesions, shorter bacterial shedding, and lower disease scores than the infected controls (p &lt; 0.05). Genetic stability was confirmed for virulence-associated genes (e.g., adhesion proteins), with stable titers and biofilm production within 50 generations. Strain 16M combines high virulence for challenge modeling and industrial-scale vaccine suitability, owing to its robust growth, stable immunogenicity, and genetic consistency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12111044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:15:14Z","timestamp":1762175714000},"page":"1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comprehensive Characterization of Mycoplasmosis bovis ST52 Strain 16M Reveals Its Pathogenicity and Potential Value in Vaccine Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jilong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.08.001","article-title":"Mycoplasma Mastitis in Cattle: To Cull or Not to Cull","volume":"216","author":"Nicholas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. 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