{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:21:35Z","timestamp":1793647295595,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Debrecen Program for Scientific Publication"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cardinal Physiology of Gut Health in monogastric animals such as swine and poultry is vital. It is critical for digestive efficiency, immune status, and production levels. This system is related not only to the digestion and absorption of nutrients from feed ingredients contributing to growth and feed utilization efficiency but also to having a strategic microbiota that supports immunity and pathogen resistance, as well as metabolic support. Gut disease, for example, bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection, diet, or stress, can reduce nutrient digestion and absorption. They can also suppress the immune system and render patients more prone to disease. These are efficiency degradations and increase veterinary and husbandry costs. In addition, nutrient absorption because of deteriorated gut health can affect the environment in different ways: removal of nutrients through leaching and the release of gases (including CH4 and NH4). These pressures have led to a focus on the gut in animal research to improve the welfare of animals and ensure sustainable practices in animal production. Recent studies have included the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and other feed additives to enhance the positive effects of the gut microbiota. These are also intervention points to increase nutrient absorption and animal well-being, in turn sustainability. Such approaches are expected to promote a stable microbial community with less dependence on the use of antibiotics, less waste generation, and less environmental impact from animal farming. This review provides a critical evaluation of the current literature on gut health in monogastric livestock, with pigs and poultry as the principal focus. We also considered the impact of gut health on production efficiency and Environmental sustainability. Current progress in nutritional modulation of gut health for increased productivity, enhanced animal welfare, and better profitability are presented. Gut-related biological mechanisms are linked to practical nutritional strategies, and subsequently to animal welfare, production efficiency, and environmental effects, offering a coherent concept for moving from mechanism to system-level sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12111054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:15:14Z","timestamp":1762175714000},"page":"1054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics in Pigs and Poultry: A Review of Gut Health, Performance, and Environmental Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7505-8686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Atuahene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard Abeiku","family":"Sam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5438-0331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Idan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi AK000-AK911, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1319-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaikh Sumayya","family":"Sana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science & Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi \u00fat 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4863-8287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e1ta","family":"Knop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science & Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi \u00fat 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejas","family":"Suthar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5301-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harsh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0410-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayaz Mukarram","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Food Science, and Environmental Management, Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, B\u00f6sz\u00f6rm\u00e9nyi \u00fat 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.23.0367","article-title":"Current Status of Global Pig Production: An Overview and Research Trends","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13807","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2025.13807","article-title":"Current Techniques of Gene Editing in Pigs for Xenotransplantation","volume":"38","author":"Galli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70027","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.70027","article-title":"Xenotransplantation Literature Update July\u2013December 2024","volume":"32","author":"Shirini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101744","article-title":"Pig-to-Human Kidney Xenotransplants Using Genetically Modified Minipigs","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165951","article-title":"Effects of Prebiotics and Precision Biotics on Performance, Animal Welfare and Environmental Impact. A Review","volume":"901","author":"Leone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.03.002","article-title":"Advancements in Animal Nutrition: The Interplay of Feed Enzymes, Gut Health, and Nutrient Supply in Poultry and Pig Production\u2014A Tribute to Professor Mingan Choct\u2019s 30-Year Scientific Legacy","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhogoju, S., and Nahashon, S. (2022). Recent Advances in Probiotic Application in Animal Health and Nutrition: A Review. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12020304"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-54372-2_7","article-title":"Ruminant Gut Microbiota: Interplay, Implications, and Innovations for Sustainable Livestock Production","volume":"Volume 62","author":"Mohanty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainable Agriculture Reviews"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Giorgi, S. (2021). Nutritional Strategies for Improving the Gut Health of Monogastric Animals. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Milan]. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.14242\/170068."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11830","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2096562","article-title":"New Insights in Improving Sustainability in Meat Production: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"63","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Capper, J.L. (2021). Healthy Livestock Produce Sustainable Food\u2013The Impacts of Livestock Health and the Performance-Enhancing Technologies on Environmental and Economic Sustainability. Merck Anim. Health."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.09.012","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Functionality in Animal Nutrition and Health: New Opportunities for Sustainable Animal Production","volume":"234","author":"Celi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"00041","article-title":"The Beneficial Role of Probiotics in Monogastric Animal Nutrition and Health","volume":"2","author":"Asml","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.4141\/A05-049","article-title":"The Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Its Role in Monogastric Nutrition and Health with an Emphasis on Pigs: Current Understanding, Possible Modulations, and New Technologies for Ecological Studies","volume":"85","author":"Richards","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1546-5098(10)03002-5","article-title":"Feeding, Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients","volume":"Volume 30","author":"Bakke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Physiology"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"82","article-title":"Feeding and Nutrition","volume":"47","author":"Clements","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Fishes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S.K., and Pathak, N.N. (2021). Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism of Nutrients. Fundamentals of Animal Nutrition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9125-9_14"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12258","article-title":"Phytate in Pig and Poultry Nutrition","volume":"99","author":"Humer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, R., Fouhse, J.M., Tiwari, U.P., Li, L., and Willing, B.P. (2019). Dietary Fiber and Intestinal Health of Monogastric Animals. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00048"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c08891","article-title":"Simple Management Changes Drastically Reduce Pig House Methane Emission in Combined Experimental and Modeling Study","volume":"57","author":"Dalby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seradj, A.R., Balcells, J., Sarri, L., Fraile, L.J., and de la Fuente Oliver, G. (2020). The Impact of Producing Type and Dietary Crude Protein on Animal Performances and Microbiota Together with Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Growing Pigs. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101742"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.002","article-title":"Husbandry Practices and Gut Health Outcomes in Weaned Piglets: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skad388","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad388","article-title":"Compound Probiotics Can Improve Intestinal Health by Affecting the Gut Microbiota of Broilers","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., Chen, W., Meng, K., Cai, L., Li, G., Li, X., and Jiang, X. (2023). Dietary Supplementation with Probiotic Bacillus Licheniformis S6 Improves Intestinal Integrity via Modulating Intestinal Barrier Function and Microbial Diversity in Weaned Piglets. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020238"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasquez, R., Kim, S.H., Oh, J.K., Song, J.H., Hwang, I.-C., Kim, I.H., and Kang, D.-K. (2023). Multispecies Probiotic Supplementation in Diet with Reduced Crude Protein Levels Altered the Composition and Function of Gut Microbiome and Restored Microbiome-Derived Metabolites in Growing Pigs. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1192249"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-019-00808-y","article-title":"Recent Advancements in the Development of Modern Probiotics for Restoring Human Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis","volume":"60","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(03)02746-6","article-title":"Using Probiotics and Prebiotics to Improve Gut Health","volume":"8","author":"Tuohy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R.C., Srivastava, A., and Lall, R. (2019). Feed Additives in Animal Health. Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04624-8"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.195","article-title":"Utilisation of Dietary Fibre (Non-Starch Polysaccharide and Resistant Starch) Molecules for Diarrhoea Therapy: A Mini-Review","volume":"122","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00040.2012","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: An Essential Factor in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Mucosal Diseases","volume":"94","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2000.86","article-title":"Recent Advances in Animal Feed Additives Such as Metabolic Modifiers, Antimicrobial Agents, Probiotics, Enzymes and Highly Available Minerals\u2014Review","volume":"13","author":"Wenk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1967","article-title":"Essential Oils and Aromatic Plants in Animal Feeding\u2014A European Perspective. A Review","volume":"25","author":"Franz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaf061","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf061","article-title":"Use of Biotics in Animals: Impact on Nutrition, Health, and Food Production","volume":"103","author":"Swanson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1515\/aoas-2016-0076","article-title":"The Natural Feed Additives as Immunostimulants in Monogastric Animal Nutrition\u2014A Review","volume":"17","author":"Kiczorowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.019","article-title":"The Central Role of Intestinal Health on the Effect of Feed Additives on Feed Intake in Swine and Poultry","volume":"233","author":"Vanderaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adedokun, S.A., and Olojede, O.C. (2019). Optimizing Gastrointestinal Integrity in Poultry: The Role of Nutrients and Feed Additives. Front. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00348"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.6.2644","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of Mitogen Action: Processing of Receptor Induced by Epidermal Growth Factor","volume":"75","author":"Das","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2022.100412","article-title":"A Scoping Review of Antibiotic Use Practices and Drivers of Inappropriate Antibiotic Use in Animal Farms in WHO Southeast Asia Region","volume":"15","author":"Malijan","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505312112","article-title":"Ominous Projections for Global Antibiotic Use in Food-Animal Production","volume":"112","author":"Price","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals","volume":"112","author":"Brower","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01382-w","article-title":"Mitigation of Antibiotic Resistance Using Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics. A Review","volume":"20","author":"Elshaghabee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshobary, M.E., Badawy, N.K., Ashraf, Y., Zatioun, A.A., Masriya, H.H., Ammar, M.M., Mohamed, N.A., Mourad, S., and Assy, A.M. (2025). Combating Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms, Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens, and Novel Therapeutic Approaches: An Updated Review. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030402"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kober, A.K.M.H., Riaz Rajoka, M.S., Mehwish, H.M., Villena, J., and Kitazawa, H. (2022). Immunomodulation Potential of Probiotics: A Novel Strategy for Improving Livestock Health, Immunity, and Productivity. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020388"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00847-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals and Human Health: Time to Implement \u2018One Health\u2019 Approach","volume":"9","author":"Pokharel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect Control."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad350","article-title":"Strategies to Reduce Antimicrobials in Livestock and Aquaculture, and Their Impact under Field Conditions: A Structured Scoping Literature Review","volume":"79","author":"Mcintyre","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14843","article-title":"Fermentation of Prebiotics by Human Colonic Microbiota in Vitro and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production: A Critical Review","volume":"130","author":"Ashaolu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21178","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001773R","article-title":"The Duration of Food Withdrawal Affects the Intestinal Structure, Nutrients Absorption, and Utilization in Broiler Chicken","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200603000-00015","article-title":"Colonic Health: Fermentation and Short Chain Fatty Acids","volume":"40","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Nunes, C.S., and Kumar, V. (2018). Chapter 9\u2014Nonstarch Polysaccharide Enzymes\u2014General Aspects. Enzymes in Human and Animal Nutrition, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Zheng, Y., Gao, Y., and Xu, W. (2022). Dietary Fiber Intake and Gut Microbiota in Human Health. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122507"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74180-8_11","article-title":"Composition of Amino Acids in Foodstuffs for Humans and Animals","volume":"Volume 1332","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Lopez, M.J., and Mohiuddin, S.S. (2025). Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahoo, D.K., Heilmann, R.M., Paital, B., Patel, A., Yadav, V.K., Wong, D., and Jergens, A.E. (2023). Oxidative Stress, Hormones, and Effects of Natural Antioxidants on Intestinal Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1217165"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3217","article-title":"Natural Antioxidants from Some Fruits, Seeds, Foods, Natural Products, and Associated Health Benefits: An Update","volume":"11","author":"Rahaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latif, A., Shehzad, A., Niazi, S., Zahid, A., Ashraf, W., Iqbal, M.W., Rehman, A., Riaz, T., Aadil, R.M., and Khan, I.M. (2023). Probiotics: Mechanism of Action, Health Benefits and Their Application in Food Industries. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1216674"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, A.P., Bhardwaj, S., Dhanjal, D.S., Nepovimova, E., Cruz-Martins, N., Ku\u010da, K., Chopra, C., Singh, R., Kumar, H., and \u0218en, F. (2021). Plant Prebiotics and Their Role in the Amelioration of Diseases. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030440"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Bazer, F.W., Lamb, G.C., and Wu, G. (2020). Chapter 24\u2014Fermentation Techniques in Feed Production. Animal Agriculture, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s43393-020-00015-7","article-title":"Solid-State Fermentation Technology and Innovation for the Production of Agricultural and Animal Feed Bioproducts","volume":"1","author":"Vandenberghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Microbiol. Biomanuf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15557","article-title":"Smart Livestock Feeding Strategies for Harvesting Triple Gain\u2014The Desired Outcomes in Planet, People and Profit Dimensions: A Developing Country Perspective","volume":"56","author":"Makkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110001023","article-title":"Sustainability of Ruminant Agriculture in the New Context: Feeding Strategies and Features of Animal Adaptability into the Necessary Holistic Approach","volume":"4","author":"Bocquier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, S., Ma, Y., Yan, B., Pei, W., Wu, Q., Ding, C., and Huang, C. (2022). The Promotion Mechanism of Prebiotics for Probiotics: A Review. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1000517"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy063","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2025, September 01). Cereals & Grains Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.cerealsgrains.org\/Pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20602","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics: Recent Advances","volume":"15","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"27","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of Prebiotic and Probiotic","volume":"3","author":"Khare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132013000100015","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of Probiotics","volume":"56","author":"Hemaiswarya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-8901.1000101","article-title":"Probiotics: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications","volume":"1","author":"Gogineni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prob. Health"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guarino, M.P.L., Altomare, A., Emerenziani, S., Di Rosa, C., Ribolsi, M., Balestrieri, P., Iovino, P., Rocchi, G., and Cicala, M. (2020). Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041037"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, T., Lu, Y., Ding, W., Xu, B., Zhang, C., Li, L., Jian, F., and Huang, S. (2025). The Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics in Livestock and Poultry Gut Health: A Review. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15070478"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70005","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.70005","article-title":"Enhancement of Gut Barrier Integrity by a Bacillus Subtilis Secreted Metabolite through the GADD45A-Wnt\/\u0392-catenin Pathway","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Livestock and Poultry: The Current Perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Dhama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intas Polivet"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-018-0250-0","article-title":"The Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Animal Nutrition","volume":"10","author":"Markowiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822013005000023","article-title":"Prebiotic Inulin: Useful Dietary Adjuncts to Manipulate the Livestock Gut Microflora","volume":"44","author":"Samanta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME14176","article-title":"Effect of Probiotics\/Prebiotics on Cattle Health and Productivity","volume":"30","author":"Uyeno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25163\/microbbioacts.719300","article-title":"Synergistic Efficacy and Mechanism of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Enhancing Health Impact","volume":"7","author":"Saghir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Bioact."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, H., Vahjen, W., Dadi, T., Saliu, E.-M., Boroojeni, F.G., and Zentek, J. (2019). Synergistic Effects of Probiotics and Phytobiotics on the Intestinal Microbiota in Young Broiler Chicken. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120684"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouwehand, A.C., Tiihonen, K., M\u00e4kivuokko, H., and Rautonen, N. (2007). Synbiotics: Combining the Benefits of Pre-and Probiotics. Functional Dairy Products, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845693107.2.195"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowiak, P., and \u015ali\u017cewska, K. (2017). Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091021"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2015.08.004","article-title":"Combining Prebiotics and Probiotics to Develop Novel Synbiotics That Suppress Oral Pathogens","volume":"58","author":"Kojima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/23.11.1953","article-title":"Antitumorigenic Activity of the Prebiotic Inulin Enriched with Oligofructose in Combination with the Probiotics Lactobacillus Rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium Lactis on Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats","volume":"23","author":"Femia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayed, B., El-Sayed, H., and Ismail, S. (2021). Novel Assessment of Synergistic Stimulatory Effect of Prebiotic Chitooligosaccharide and Some Commercial Prebiotics on the Probiotic Growth: A Preliminary Study. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.15414\/jmbfs.3341"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.06.005","article-title":"Effect of Inulin as Prebiotic and Synbiotic Interactions between Probiotics to Improve Fermented Milk Firmness","volume":"107","author":"Perego","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"23062","article-title":"Survival and Synergistic Growth of Mixed Cultures of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli Combined with Prebiotic Oligosaccharides in a Gastrointestinal Tract Simulator","volume":"25","author":"Adamberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Heal. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, E., C\u0103linoiu, L.F., Mitrea, L., and Vodnar, D.C. (2021). Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: Implications and Beneficial Effects against Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062112"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, K.-H., Jeong, J., and Kim, H. (2020). Synergistic Effects of Heat-Killed Kefir Paraprobiotics and Flavonoid-Rich Prebiotics on Western Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082465"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"13","article-title":"Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics: An Overview","volume":"1","author":"Sekhon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.6.1682S","article-title":"Prebiotics and Probiotics: Are They Functional Foods?","volume":"71","author":"Roberfroid","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manigandan, T., Mangaiyarkarasi, S.P., Hemalatha, R., Hemalatha, V.T., and Murali, N.P. (2012). Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics-a Review. Biomed. Pharmacol. J., 5.","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/357"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182116e81","article-title":"Genistein, a Phytoestrogen, Improves Total Cholesterol, and Synergy, a Prebiotic, Improves Calcium Utilization, but There Were No Synergistic Effects","volume":"18","author":"Legette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krumbeck, J.A., Rasmussen, H.E., Hutkins, R.W., Clarke, J., Shawron, K., Keshavarzian, A., and Walter, J. (2018). Probiotic Bifidobacterium Strains and Galactooligosaccharides Improve Intestinal Barrier Function in Obese Adults but Show No Synergism When Used Together as Synbiotics. Microbiome, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0494-4"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155S","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011114","article-title":"Potential Health Benefits of Combining Yogurt and Fruits Based on Their Probiotic and Prebiotic Properties","volume":"8","author":"Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S.M., Lin, H., Xie, W., and Chu, I.K. (2023). Study of Potential Synergistic Effect of Probiotic Formulas on Acrylamide Reduction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054693"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1071\/AN20701","article-title":"Probiotics and Gut Health: Linking Gut Homeostasis and Poultry Productivity","volume":"62","author":"Shini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Mucci, R. (2017). Effects of Different Probiotics and Synbiotics and Mode of Their Administration on Productive Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Quality in Broiler Chickens. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Molise]."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mounir, M., Ibijbijen, A., Farih, K., Rabetafika, H.N., and Razafindralambo, H.L. (2022). Synbiotics and Their Antioxidant Properties, Mechanisms, and Benefits on Human and Animal Health: A Narrative Review. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101443"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambo, M.T., Chang, X., and Liu, D. (2021). The Recent Trend in the Use of Multistrain Probiotics in Livestock Production: An Overview. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102805"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Gupta, R.C., Srivastava, A., and Lall, R. (2019). Synbiotics in Animal Health and Production. Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12659","article-title":"Harnessing the Potentialities of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, Paraprobiotics, and Postbiotics for Shrimp Farming","volume":"14","author":"Goh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zheng, T., Wang, Y., Li, T., and Chi, Q. (2024). Multifaceted Impacts of Nanoparticles on Plant Nutrient Absorption and Soil Microbial Communities. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1497006"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, S., and Jha, R. (2019). Strategies to Modulate the Intestinal Microbiota and Their Effects on Nutrient Utilization, Performance, and Health of Poultry. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0310-9"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, P., Gao, Y., Cui, Z., Wu, B., Yan, B., Wang, Y., Zaitongguli, K., Wen, M., Wang, H., and Jing, N. (2023). Research Progress on Effects of Biochar on Soil Environment and Crop Nutrient Absorption and Utilization. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15064861"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A.K., and Kim, W.K. (2021). Effects of Dietary Fiber on Nutrients Utilization and Gut Health of Poultry: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010181"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1984.592400x","article-title":"Effects of Fiber and Virginiamycin on Nutrient Absorption, Nutrient Retention and Rate of Passage in Growing Swine","volume":"59","author":"Ravindran","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Rani, R.P., Nishant, A.K., and Kumar, G. (2023). Nutrient utilization and crop metabolism. Crop Physiol. A Collab. Insights, 86."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0826","article-title":"Board-Invited Review: Peptide Absorption and Utilization: Implications for Animal Nutrition and Health","volume":"86","author":"Gilbert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2021.01.005","article-title":"Light Regulation of Horticultural Crop Nutrient Uptake and Utilization","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hortic. Plant J."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1651","article-title":"Drug-Nutrient Interactions","volume":"44","author":"Trovato","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selim, S., Abdel-Megeid, N.S., Khalifa, H.K., Fakiha, K.G., Majrashi, K.A., and Hussein, E. (2022). Efficacy of Various Feed Additives on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Bone Quality, Blood Constituents, and Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization of Broiler Chickens Fed Low Phosphorus Diet. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141742"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, W., Li, X., Liu, T., Chen, N., Xin, M., Liu, B., Qi, Q., and Li, G. (2024). Impact of Fertilization Depth on Sunflower Yield and Nitrogen Utilization: A Perspective on Soil Nutrient and Root System Compatibility. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1440859"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22500","article-title":"Symposium Review: The Impact of Absorbed Nutrients on Energy Partitioning throughout Lactation","volume":"106","author":"Piantoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s40502-024-00844-x","article-title":"Deciphering Phenomics Approaches for Understanding Plant\u2013Microbe Interactions in Nutrient Absorption and Utilization","volume":"29","author":"Lal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9354-y","article-title":"Probiotic Bacillus Coagulans GBI-30, 6086 Improves Protein Absorption and Utilization","volume":"10","author":"Purpura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., and Liao, S.F. (2019). Physiological Effects of Dietary Amino Acids on Gut Health and Functions of Swine. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00169"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.135014","article-title":"Clostridium Butyricum Alleviates Weaned Stress of Piglets by Improving Intestinal Immune Function and Gut Microbiota","volume":"405","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Song, M., Liu, Y., and Ji, P. (2022). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection of Weaned Pigs: Intestinal Challenges and Nutritional Intervention to Enhance Disease Resistance. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885253"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2021.105514","article-title":"Diet and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Relation to Tail Biting in Pigs: A Review","volume":"246","author":"Canibe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa086","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa086","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Gut Health and Function of Pigs Pre-and Post-Weaning","volume":"98","author":"Lauridsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00853.x","article-title":"The Effect of Zinc Oxide Supplementation on the Stability of the Intestinal Flora with Special Reference to Composition of Coliforms in Weaned Pigs","volume":"87","author":"Katouli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111962","article-title":"Protective Effects of Bacillus Subtilis ASAG 216 on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Gut Microbiota and Tissues Residues of Weaned Piglets Fed Deoxynivalenol Contaminated Diets","volume":"148","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2016-0031","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Health and Disease of Pigs","volume":"6","author":"Fouhse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02996.x","article-title":"Systematic Review: The Impact of Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease on Work Productivity","volume":"24","author":"Wahlqvist","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1108\/JCRE-03-2021-0012","article-title":"The Impact of Healthy Workplaces on Employee Satisfaction, Productivity and Costs","volume":"25","author":"Voordt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Corp. Real Estate"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2011.609035","article-title":"Relationships between Psychological, Physical, and Behavioural Health and Work Performance: A Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Ford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Work. Stress"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"S17","article-title":"Impairment in Work Productivity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with IBS","volume":"11","author":"Diet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12425","article-title":"Work Productivity and Activity Impairment in Disorders of Gut-brain Interaction: Data from the Rome Foundation Global Epidemiology Study","volume":"11","author":"Hreinsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"UEG J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0262-x","article-title":"Work Productivity and Activity Impairment in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A Multifaceted Problem","volume":"113","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol. ACG"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002178","article-title":"Work Productivity Loss Is Determined by Fatigue and Reduced Quality of Life in Employed Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Prospective Multicentre Cohort Study","volume":"33","author":"Gielen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1639-5","article-title":"Impact of Chronic Constipation on Health-Related Quality of Life, Work Productivity, and Healthcare Resource Use: An Analysis of the National Health and Wellness Survey","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181a39180","article-title":"Health and Productivity as a Business Strategy: A Multiemployer Study","volume":"51","author":"Loeppke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Santamarina, A., Mondragon, A.d.C., Cardelle-Cobas, A., Santos, E.M., Porto-Arias, J.J., Cepeda, A., and Miranda, J.M. (2023). Effects of Unconventional Work and Shift Work on the Human Gut Microbiota and the Potential of Probiotics to Restore Dysbiosis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15133070"},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Santin, E. (2024). Gut Health: Environment, Climate Change and Agriculture Sustainability. Environmental Effects on Gut Health in Production Animals, Wageningen Academic."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.10.006","article-title":"The Intersection of Climate\/Environment, Food, Nutrition and Health: Crisis and Opportunity","volume":"44","author":"Raiten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100832","article-title":"Nutrient and Energy Supply in Monogastric Food Producing Animals with Reduced Environmental and Climatic Footprint and Improved Gut Health","volume":"17","author":"Lindberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar Singh, A., Cabral, C., Kumar, R., Ganguly, R., Kumar Rana, H., Gupta, A., Rosaria Lauro, M., Carbone, C., Reis, F., and Pandey, A.K. (2019). Beneficial Effects of Dietary Polyphenols on Gut Microbiota and Strategies to Improve Delivery Efficiency. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092216"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393270","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2393270","article-title":"The Interplay between Gut Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Implications for Host Health and Disease","volume":"16","author":"Hays","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-023-00089-5","article-title":"Gut Microbiota as a Target in the Bone Health of Livestock and Poultry: Roles of Short-Chain Fatty Acids","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042839","article-title":"Dietary Gut Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Host Metabolic Regulation","volume":"7","author":"Kasubuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jha, R., and Mishra, P. (2021). Dietary Fiber in Poultry Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutrient Utilization, Performance, Gut Health, and on the Environment: A Review. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00576-0"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010017","article-title":"The Impact of Diet and Lifestyle on Gut Microbiota and Human Health","volume":"7","author":"Conlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moradi, S., Abdollahi, M.R., Moradi, A., and Jamshidi, L. (2023). Effect of Bacterial Phytase on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, and Bone Mineralization in Broilers Fed Pelleted Diets. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091450"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuamah, E., Okon, U.M., Jeong, E., Mun, Y., Cheon, I., Chae, B., Odoi, F.N.A., Kim, D., and Choi, N.-J. (2024). Unlocking Phytate with Phytase: A Meta-Analytic View of Meat-Type Chicken Muscle Growth and Bone Mineralization Potential. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2024.4.0096"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirzado, S.A., Liu, G., Purba, M.A., and Cai, H. (2024). Enhancing the Production Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Laying Hens by Augmenting Energy, Phosphorous and Calcium Deficient Diets with Fungal Phytase (Trichoderma reesei) Supplementation. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14030376"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selle, P.H., Macelline, S.P., Chrystal, P.V., and Liu, S.Y. (2023). The Contribution of Phytate-Degrading Enzymes to Chicken-Meat Production. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040603"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valente Junior, D.T., Genova, J.L., Kim, S.W., Saraiva, A., and Rocha, G.C. (2024). Carbohydrases and Phytase in Poultry and Pig Nutrition: A Review beyond the Nutrients and Energy Matrix. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14020226"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"69","article-title":"Nutritional and Environmental Consequences of Dietary Fibre in Pig Nutrition: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Bindelle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Agron. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Et Environ."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S.Y., Song, M.H., Lee, J.H., Oh, H.J., Kim, Y.J., An, J.W., Go, Y.B., Song, D.C., Cho, H.A., and Cho, S.Y. (2022). Phytogenic Feed Additives Alleviate Pathogenic Escherichia coli-Induced Intestinal Damage through Improving Barrier Integrity and Inhibiting Inflammation in Weaned Pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00750-y"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skab365","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab365","article-title":"Effects of a Blend of Essential Oils, Medium-Chain Fatty Acids, and a Toxin-Adsorbing Mineral on Diarrhea and Gut Microbiome of Weanling Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"100","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nathan, V.B., Eckrote, S., Li, S., and Reddivari, L. (2024). Crude Blueberry Phenolic Extracts Improve Gut Barrier Integrity and Exert Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activity in an In Vitro Weaning Stress Model. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13091044"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T., Liu, B., Wang, Y., Huang, X., Yan, Z., Jiang, Q., and Chen, Q. (2022). Ellagic Acid Improves Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Barrier Function of Heat-Stressed Broilers via Regulating Gut Microbiota. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091180"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102460","article-title":"Effects of Microencapsulated Blend of Organic Acids and Botanicals on Growth Performance, Intestinal Barrier Function, Inflammatory Cytokines, and Endocannabinoid System Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens","volume":"102","author":"Bialkowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoseinifar, S.H., Ashouri, G., Marisaldi, L., Candelma, M., Basili, D., Zimbelli, A., Notarstefano, V., Salvini, L., Randazzo, B., and Zarantoniello, M. (2024). Reducing the Use of Antibiotics in European Aquaculture with Vaccines, Functional Feed Additives and Optimization of the Gut Microbiota. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12020204"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e2rza, S.M., Munteanu, C., Papuc, I., Radu, L., and Purdoiu, R.C. (2025). The Role of Probiotics in Enhancing Animal Health: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Applications in Livestock and Companion Animals. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15202986"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Upadhaya, S.-D., and Kim, I.-H. (2021). The Impact of Weaning Stress on Gut Health and the Mechanistic Aspects of Several Feed Additives Contributing to Improved Gut Health Function in Weanling Piglets\u2014A Review. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082418"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0184","article-title":"Nutritional Effects on Oocyte and Embryo Development in Mammals: Implications for Reproductive Efficiency and Environmental Sustainability","volume":"364","author":"Ashworth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aruwa, C.E., Pillay, C., Nyaga, M.M., and Sabiu, S. (2021). Poultry Gut Health\u2014Microbiome Functions, Environmental Impacts, Microbiome Engineering and Advancements in Characterization Technologies. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00640-9"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gickel, J., Hartung, C.B., Abd El-Wahab, A., Hankel, J., and Visscher, C. (2024). Influence of Vaccination against Infectious Diseases on the Carbon Footprint of Fattening Pigs: A Systematic Review. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1487742"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyriazakis, I., Arndt, C., Aubry, A., Charlier, J., Ezenwa, V.O., Godber, O.F., Krogh, M., Mostert, P.F., Orsel, K., and Robinson, M.W. (2024). Improve Animal Health to Reduce Livestock Emissions: Quantifying an Open Goal. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 291.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2024.0675"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-024-01031-9","article-title":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions in US Beef Production Can Be Reduced by up to 30% with the Adoption of Selected Mitigation Measures","volume":"5","author":"Pelton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Carbon Footprint of Mixed Farming Crop-Livestock Rotational-Based Grazing Beef Systems Using Long Term Experimental Data","volume":"44","author":"Jebari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.62310\/liab.v4i1.131","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment as an Evaluation Tool- A Critical Review on Carbon Footprint in Dairy Sector: Carbon Footprint of Milk","volume":"4","author":"Tamilselvan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lett. Anim. Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.3c00803","article-title":"Mitigating Contaminant-Driven Risks for the Safe Expansion of the Agricultural\u2500Sanitation Circular Economy in an Urbanizing World","volume":"4","author":"Carter","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.15302\/J-FASE-2020370","article-title":"Leveraging livestock to promote a circular food system","volume":"8","author":"Dou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Agric. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae234.290","article-title":"447 Ex-Food4feed: Keeping Nutrients in the Food Chain\u2014Sponsored by EAAP","volume":"102","author":"Pinotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"101255","article-title":"Livestock Manure: From Waste to Resource in a Circular Economy","volume":"17","author":"Sadeghpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-024-00975-2","article-title":"Circular Food System Approaches Can Support Current European Protein Intake Levels While Reducing Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions","volume":"5","author":"Simon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, H., Kaur, G., Gupta, T., Mittal, D., and Ali, S.A. (2023). Integrating Omics Technologies for a Comprehensive Understanding of the Microbiome and Its Impact on Cattle Production. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12091200"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70629","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70629","article-title":"Biochar in Animal Agriculture: Enhancing Health, Efficiency and Environmental Sustainability","volume":"11","author":"Kazemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.3390\/agriengineering6020084","article-title":"Advancing Livestock Technology: Intelligent Systemization for Enhanced Productivity, Welfare, and Sustainability","volume":"6","author":"Vlaicu","year":"2024","journal-title":"AgriEngineering"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5726","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15816","article-title":"Carbon Myopia: The Urgent Need for Integrated Social, Economic and Environmental Action in the Livestock Sector","volume":"27","author":"Harrison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10351","article-title":"Development and Physiology of the Rumen and the Lower Gut: Targets for Improving Gut Health","volume":"99","author":"Steele","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"Osofsky, S.A. (2005). Conservation and Development Interventions at the Wildlife\/Livestock Interface: Implications for Wildlife, Livestock and Human Health: Proceedings of the Southern and East African Experts Panel on Designing Successful Conserva-tion and Development Interventions at the Wildlife\/Livestock Interface: Implications for Wildlife, Livestock and Human Health, AHEAD (Animal Health for the Environment And Development) Forum, IUCN Vth World Parks Congress, Durban, South Africa, 14th and 15th September 2003, IUCN."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafez, H.M., and Attia, Y.A. (2020). Challenges to the Poultry Industry: Current Perspectives and Strategic Future after the COVID-19 Outbreak. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00516"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.037","article-title":"Opportunities for Mitigating Pathogen Contamination during On-Farm Food Production","volume":"152","author":"Doyle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0795","article-title":"Gut Health of Pigs: Challenge Models and Response Criteria with a Critical Analysis of the Effectiveness of Selected Feed Additives\u2014A Review","volume":"29","author":"Adewole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobo, E., Bajagai, Y.S., Kayal, A., Ramirez, S., Nikoli\u0107, A., Valientes, R., and Stanley, D. (2023). Precision Glycan Supplementation Improves Gut Microbiota Diversity, Performance, and Disease Outbreak Resistance in Broiler Chickens. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010032"},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"9","article-title":"Brachyspira-Induced Gut Microbiome Disruption in Livestock: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Interventions","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Sci. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pangga, G.M., Star-Shirko, B., Psifidi, A., Xia, D., Corcionivoschi, N., Kelly, C., Hughes, C., Lavery, U., Richmond, A., and Ijaz, U.Z. (2025). Impact of Commercial Gut Health Interventions on Caecal Metagenome and Broiler Performance. Microbiome, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02012-7"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghiselli, F., Rossi, B., Piva, A., and Grilli, E. (2021). Assessing Intestinal Health. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Gut Barrier Models of Farm Animals: Benefits and Limitations. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.723387"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140085","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0085","article-title":"The Livestock Reservoir for Antimicrobial Resistance: A Personal View on Changing Patterns of Risks, Effects of Interventions and the Way Forward","volume":"370","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Shawi, S.G., Dang, D.S., Yousif, A.Y., Al-Younis, Z.K., Najm, T.A., and Matarneh, S.K. (2020). The Potential Use of Probiotics to Improve Animal Health, Efficiency, and Meat Quality: A Review. Agriculture, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10100452"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.319-328","article-title":"The Use of Probiotics in Animal Feeding for Safe Production and as Potential Alternatives to Antibiotics","volume":"14","author":"Davares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Luo, S., and Yan, C. (2021). Gut Microbiota Implications for Health and Welfare in Farm Animals: A Review. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12010093"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grodkowski, G., Go\u0142\u0119biewski, M., Sl\u00f3sarz, J., Grodkowska, K., Kostusiak, P., Sakowski, T., and Puppel, K. (2023). Organic Milk Production and Dairy Farming Constraints and Prospects under the Laws of the European Union. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091457"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.14055","article-title":"Insects as Sustainable Feed: Enhancing Animal Nutrition and Reducing Livestock Environmental Impression","volume":"109","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfac080","article-title":"The Role of Trust, Expectation, and Deception When Buying Organic Animal Products","volume":"13","author":"Bayer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Front"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazaroiu, G., Andronie, M., U\u0163\u0103, C., and Hurloiu, I. (2019). Trust Management in Organic Agriculture: Sustainable Consumption Behavior, Environmentally Conscious Purchase Intention, and Healthy Food Choices. Front. Public Health, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00340"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arsenault, M., Lillie, B., Nadeem, K., Khafipour, E., and Farzan, A. (2024). Progression of Swine Fecal Microbiota during Early Stages of Life and Its Association with Performance: A Longitudinal Study. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03336-y"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barathan, M., Ng, S.L., Lokanathan, Y., Ng, M.H., and Law, J.X. (2024). The Profound Influence of Gut Microbiome and Extracellular Vesicles on Animal Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074024"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalvon-Demersay, T., Luise, D., Le Floc\u2019h, N., Tesseraud, S., Lambert, W., Bosi, P., Trevisi, P., Beaumont, M., and Corrent, E. (2021). Functional Amino Acids in Pigs and Chickens: Implication for Gut Health. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.663727"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf300.134","article-title":"19 The FarmGTEx Project: Building Reference Omics Datasets for Future Gut Stress Studies","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinayamohan, P., Joseph, D., Viju, L.S., Baskaran, S.A., and Venkitanarayanan, K. (2024). Efficacy of Probiotics in Reducing Pathogenic Potential of Infectious Agents. Fermentation., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10120599"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840245","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840245","article-title":"Lactobacillus Spp. for Gastrointestinal Health: Current and Future Perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Dempsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10189-w","article-title":"coods: A Health Beneficial Outlook","volume":"17","author":"Jena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106337","article-title":"Unveiling the Role of Functional Foods with Emphasis on Prebiotics and Probiotics in Human Health: A Review","volume":"119","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Foods."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2012.680221","article-title":"Oligosaccharide Profile in Fruits and Vegetables as Sources of Prebiotics and Functional Foods","volume":"17","author":"Kuzmanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Properties."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab119","article-title":"The Prebiotic Potential of Inulin-Type Fructans: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parhi, P., Liu, S.Q., and Choo, W.S. (2024). Synbiotics: Effects of Prebiotics on the Growth and Viability of Probiotics in Food Matrices. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre., 32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcdf.2024.100462"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/11\/1054\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:31:01Z","timestamp":1762180261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/11\/1054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12111054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12111054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]}}}