{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T06:13:18Z","timestamp":1763619198142,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3 General d\u2019Activitats Cineg\u00e8tiques i de Pesca Continental, Departament d\u2019Acci\u00f3 Clim\u00e0tica, Alimentaci\u00f3 i Agenda Rural. Catalonia Government","award":["AG-2022-993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG-2022-993"]}]},{"name":"Departament de Recerca i Universitats, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain","award":["FI_B 00171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI_B 00171"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with a complex life cycle that involves warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts and felids as definitive hosts. Its epidemiology in alpine ecosystems remains poorly understood. This study presents the first long-term investigation of T. gondii exposure in wild ruminants in the Pyrenees (NE Spain), where definitive hosts are scarce. Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica; n = 1045) and mouflon (Ovis aries musimon; n = 115) sera collected between 2001 and 2024 were tested (Modified Agglutination Test, ELISA-IDvet, ELISA-IDEXX) for the presence of T. gondii antibodies. Sera from 53 chamois and 27 mouflon foetuses and hearts and brains from 38 chamois and 35 mouflon foetuses were analysed for the presence of antibodies and parasite\u2019s DNA, respectively. Moreover, heart and brain (n = 3) and faeces (n = 91) from Pyrenean wildcats (Felis silvestris) were analysed for parasite\u2019s DNA. Seroprevalence was overall low (chamois: 5.24%; mouflon: 1.74%). In multivariate analyses performed in chamois, seroprevalence variation was mainly associated with geographic origin and the diagnostic method used, with little influence of the individual traits of sex or age. No antibodies or T. gondii DNA were detected in chamois or mouflon foetuses. However, chamois did not show a clear age-related increase in exposure to T. gondii, as would be expected if indirect horizontal transmission were the predominant route. In contrast, T. gondii DNA was detected in brain and faecal samples from wildcats, confirming their role as definitive hosts in this ecosystem. Overall, our results reinforce the hypothesis that alpine ecosystems are environments with low T. gondii oocyst contamination and that the parasite most probably relies on sylvatic cycles. These results suggest that wild ruminants, such as chamois and mouflon, could serve as effective sentinels of changes in the extent of this parasite under ongoing environmental and ecological changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12111101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T16:49:51Z","timestamp":1763484591000},"page":"1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure of Wild Ruminants to Toxoplasma gondii in Alpine Ecosystems, NE Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8007-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Escudero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica, Departamento de Producci\u00f3n y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Puig","family":"Ribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0558-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Almer\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology and Parasitology Branch, Division of Food and Environmental Safety, Office of Applied Microbiology and Technology, Office of Laboratory Operations and Applied Sciences, Human Food Program (HFP), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Laurel, MD 20708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0631-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hojjat","family":"Gholipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76179-14111, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lola","family":"Pailler-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat Mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0758-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Sastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei Veterinari de Gen\u00e8tica Molecular (SVGM), Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Ruiz-Olmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Territori, Habitatge i Transici\u00f3 Ecol\u00f2gica, Av. de Josep Tarradellas, 2, 6, 08029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Palaz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Territori, Habitatge i Transici\u00f3 Ecol\u00f2gica, Av. de Josep Tarradellas, 2, 6, 08029 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferran","family":"Sayol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8692-1593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Espunyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Medi Ambient i Sostenibilitat, Ministeri de Medi Ambient, Agricultura i Ramaderia, Govern d\u2019Andorra, Edifici Les Columnes, Av. de Tarragona, 58-62, AD500 Andorra la Vella, Andorra"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4939-6048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier Fern\u00e1ndez","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat Mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7543-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Cabez\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat Mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P. 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