{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:16:14Z","timestamp":1789694174796,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Xizang Autonomous Region, China","award":["XZ202501ZY0122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202501ZY0122"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Rural Science and Technology Commissioner Project","award":["KTP20240908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTP20240908"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022A1515110474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515110474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs\u2014Guangdong Agricultural Technical Service \u201cLight Cavalry\u201d Project","award":["NITG20240253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NITG20240253"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Giardia duodenalis is one of the most prevalent protozoan pathogens, commonly infecting a wide range of hosts including humans, livestock, companion animals, and wildlife globally. The Bamaxiang pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), a native livestock variety from China\u2019s Guangxi region, holds significant importance in Bama Yao Autonomous County. This breed not only supports regional meat production systems but also fulfills dual roles as human companions and valuable subjects for biomedical investigations. The aim of present study was to investigate the prevalence of G. duodenalis and assess its genetic characteristics. A total of 311 fresh fecal samples were collected from three farms in Bama Yao Autonomous County. The presence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis were determined by nested PCR and sequence analysis of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), \u03b2-giardin (bg) and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Results: The total occurrence rate of G. duodenalis in Bamaxiang Pigs was 17.36% (54\/311). Among different age groups, suckling piglets exhibited the highest infection rate at 24.29% (17\/70). The infection rates in the sows, fattening pigs, and weaned piglets were 20.88% (19\/91), 14.10% (11\/78), and 9.72% (7\/72), respectively (p &lt; 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from three genetic loci identified two G.duodenalis genetic assemblages, namely assemblages A and E. Among them, assemblage A (n = 31) was the predominant genotype across the three farms, followed by the assemblage E (n = 21) and mixed assemblage A\/E (n = 2) infections. Conclusions: This study represents the first report demonstrating that G. duodenalis infection is prevalent in Bamaxiang pigs, with variable positivity rates across different growth stages. The zoonotic assemblage A was the predominant assemblage, suggesting a potential risk of transmission to humans through close contact with this specific pig breed. The results provide basic data for controlling infections in Bamaxiang pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12121114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T09:02:07Z","timestamp":1763974927000},"page":"1114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Occurrence and Multi-Locus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Bamaxiang Pigs in Bama Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qiaoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanru","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yange","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2363-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (NHC), World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"101151","article-title":"Molecular prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in domestic pig (Sus domesticus) and captive wild boar (Sus scrofa) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06219-3","article-title":"Molecular characterization and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in humans and domestic animals in Heilongjiang Province, China","volume":"17","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihab026","article-title":"Global epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis infection in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.02.015","article-title":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the \u2018Neglected Diseases Initiative\u2019","volume":"22","author":"Savioli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07325-2","article-title":"Zoonotic giardiasis: An update","volume":"120","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.09.034","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis in humans and animals\u2014Transmission and disease","volume":"135","author":"Dixon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2023051","article-title":"First report of prevalence and assemblage analysis of Giardia duodenalis in pigs from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, southern China","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12737","article-title":"New insights into host adaptation to swine respiratory disease revealed by genetic differentiation and RNA sequencing analyses","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12297","article-title":"Genetic mapping using 1.4M SNP array refined loci for fatty acid composition traits in Chinese Erhualian and Bamaxiang pigs","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2020.108182","article-title":"A large-scale comparison of meat quality and intramuscular fatty acid composition among three Chinese indigenous pig breeds","volume":"168","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002461","article-title":"Effect of the Selective NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor mcc950 on Transplantation Outcome in a Pig Liver Transplantation Model With Organs From Donors After Circulatory Death Preserved by Hypothermic Machine Perfusion","volume":"103","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Mu, X., Yuan, K., Wang, S., Li, Y., Xu, H., Li, Q., Zeng, W., Li, Z., and Guo, J. (2024). Occurrence and Genotypic Identification of Blastocystis spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Bamaxiang Pigs in Bama Yao Autonomous County of Guangxi Province, China. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14223344"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Wang, H., Li, Y., Mu, X., Yuan, K., Wu, A., Guo, J., Hong, Y., and Zhang, H. (2023). Occurrence and genotypic identification of Blastocystis spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in Leizhou Black Goats in Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, China. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13172777"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.022","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity at the beta-giardin locus among human and animal isolates of Giardia duodenalis and identification of potentially zoonotic subgenotypes","volume":"35","author":"Lalle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030084","article-title":"Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis","volume":"9","author":"Sulaiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.04.008","article-title":"Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis reveals striking differences between assemblages A and B","volume":"38","author":"Beck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13243","article-title":"Global molecular prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in pigs (Sus domesticus): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Asghari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"553","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis infection in pigs in Changchun region, Jilin Province, China","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, F.R., Zhang, N., Miao, W.Y., Wu, R., Cui, L.L., Huang, C.Q., and Zhou, D.H. (2022). Molecular Detection and Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Pigs in Fujian Province, Southeastern China. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12223148"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000349","article-title":"Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of potentially zoonotic Giardia duodenalis in pigs in Shanghai, China","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1592","article-title":"Infection status and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalisin pigs in Guangdong Province","volume":"49","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Deng, H., Zheng, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, S., He, L., and Zhao, J. (2022). First Characterization and Zoonotic Potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Pigs in Hubei Province of China. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.949773"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104019","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Tibetan pigs in Tibet, China","volume":"75","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2418-8","article-title":"Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in pigs of Shaanxi Province, northwestern China","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019056","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of Giardia duodenalis in pigs from large-scale farms in Xinjiang, China","volume":"26","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.05.009","article-title":"Detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from cattle and pigs in Hualien country, Eastern Taiwan","volume":"54","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06340-8","article-title":"First report of Giardia duodenalis genotypes in Zangxiang pigs from China","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.09.020","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species\/genotypes","volume":"214","author":"Petersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102154","article-title":"Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from pigs in Korea","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.02.017","article-title":"Prevalence and multilocus genotypes of Giardia duodenalis infecting pigs in Ogun state, Nigeria","volume":"70","author":"Akinkuotu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Y., Yuan, X.D., Zhang, S.Y., Zhang, H.Y., and Chen, X.Q. (2021). Molecular Detection and Characterization of Giardia duodenalis in Farmed Pigs in Three Provinces of Southern China. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111481"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252317000123","article-title":"Historical and contemporary aspects of maternal immunity in swine","volume":"19","author":"Poonsuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10","article-title":"Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Wang, H., Wang, R., and Zhang, L. (2017). Giardia duodenalis Infections in Humans and Other Animals in China. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02004"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003071","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of Giardia duodenalis sequence data","volume":"134","author":"Wielinga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3310-5","article-title":"Prevalence and genotypic identification of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pre-weaned dairy calves in Guangdong, China","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3367-1","article-title":"Occurrence and multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in black-boned sheep and goats in southwestern China","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-025-01101-3","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of various genetic markers (tpi, gdh, and bg) for prevalence and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in human samples: A comparative global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Shamsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105969","article-title":"First report of novel assemblages and mixed infections of Giardia duodenalis in human isolates from New Zealand","volume":"220","author":"Ogbuigwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-321","article-title":"Epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis infection in ruminant livestock and children in the Ismailia province of Egypt: Insights by genetic characterization","volume":"7","author":"Helmy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"16","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in parts of Guangdong Province","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghebremichael, S.T., Meng, X., Yang, Y., Andegiorgish, A.K., Wu, Z., Chen, J., Wei, J., Li, T., Bao, J., and Zhou, Z. (2023). First identification and coinfection detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in diarrheic pigs in Southwest China. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03070-x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/12\/1114\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T05:28:34Z","timestamp":1764048514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/12\/1114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12121114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12121114","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]]}}}