{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:06:14Z","timestamp":1791230774909,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Culture and Innovation of Hungary","award":["2024-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P-2024-00018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2.1.1-EK\u00d6P-2024-00018"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Escherichia coli strains associated with poultry are increasingly recognized as reservoirs of both virulence and resistance genes, posing significant zoonotic risks throughout the food production chain. However, the genotypic architecture and pathogenic potential of isolates from large-scale turkey farms remain under characterized, particularly in the context of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) production. Methods: A total of 160 ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were collected from healthy turkeys on intensive Hungarian farms. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to characterize virulence factors. Functional annotation included screening for fimbrial adhesins, iron acquisition systems, secretion pathways, and autotransporter toxins, using VirulenceFinder and Prodigal-based genome annotations. Data analysis included assembly quality control with QUAST and BUSCO, and comprehensive virulome profiling. Results: The isolates exhibited a functionally diverse virulence profile encompassing classical ExPEC-associated colonization factors (type I, P, S fimbriae; curli; ECP), multiple iron acquisition systems (enterobactin, salmochelin, aerobactin, yersiniabactin, and heme uptake), and key secretion systems (LEE-associated T3SS and T2SS). Genetic hallmarks of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), uropathogenic pathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) pathotypes co-occurred in 44% of the isolates, indicating a mosaic virulence landscape. Notably, serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) toxins (Vat, Pic) and ColV-type plasmid-associated modules were frequently detected. All isolates were confirmed by ESBL producers, highlighting their antimicrobial resistance potential. Conclusions: This study reveals that E. coli strains isolated from turkeys possess a complex, host-adapted virulence repertoire capable of supporting both enteric and extraintestinal infections. The co-occurence of APEC-, UPEC-, and EPEC-like traits\u2014combined with ESBL production\u2014underscores their One Health relevance. These findings support the need for host-specific surveillance, functional validation, and integrative control strategies in poultry systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12121141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T08:13:49Z","timestamp":1764576829000},"page":"1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Virulence Gene Profiles of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Turkeys in Hungary: A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7837-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m","family":"Kerek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1bel","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gergely","family":"Tornyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5750-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eszter","family":"Kaszab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"One Health Institute, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n u 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Bali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n u 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Jerzsele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S354884","article-title":"Gut Commensal Escherichia coli, a High-Risk Reservoir of Transferable Plasmid-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance Traits","volume":"15","author":"Tawfick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. 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