{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T13:18:11Z","timestamp":1764681491490,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Science and Technology Special Plan of Gansu Province","award":["24ZDNA001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZDNA001"]}]},{"name":"Earmarked Fund for CARS3","award":["36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["36"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Project of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Clinical Science","award":["CAAS-25-LZIHPS-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-25-LZIHPS-06"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project of CAAS Collaborative Innovation","award":["CAAS-XTCX2016011-01-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-XTCX2016011-01-09"]}]},{"name":"Research and Application of Combined Chinese and Western Veterinary Medicine for the Precise Prevention and Treatment of Mixed Infectious Diarrhea in Calves","award":["2024SNGGNT23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SNGGNT23"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of Wuwei","award":["WW24A01ZDN001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WW24A01ZDN001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the high incidence of calf diarrhea and the limited data on pathogenic and non-infectious factors in a large-scale dairy farm in Wuwei City, this study aims to investigate the pathogens associated with summer calf diarrhea and the non-infectious risk factors in local large-scale dairy farm. It included 664 diarrheic calves (1\u201360 days of age, from June 2024 to May 2025), detected 5 types of enteric pathogens in 81 fecal samples collected in summer via RT-qPCR, collected data on non-infectious factors, and applied binary logistic regression and ROC analysis. The annual diarrhea incidence was 14.44%, with a peak in summer. Clostridium perfringens (67.90%) and Bovine Rotavirus (48.14%) were the dominant pathogens, and the rate of mixed infections was 48.14%. Risk factors for calf diarrhea included birth in spring or summer, female, Wagyu, younger age, birth weight &lt; 38.5 kg, primiparous dams, serum immunoglobulin level &lt; 8.1 g\/L, and dam calving score &gt; 1; longer duration of treatment was associated with a lower recovery rate. This study identifies key pathogens, risk factors, and their thresholds, thereby providing a scientific basis for the control of calf diarrhea in similar regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12121150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T12:39:43Z","timestamp":1764679183000},"page":"1150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogen Detection and Analysis of Non-Infectious Factors in Calf Diarrhea at a Large-Scale Dairy Farm in Wuwei City"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yingjian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guowei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4339-713X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egide","family":"Hanyurwumutima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiduo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0579-7928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Veterinary Technology Innovation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02779-z","article-title":"Neopterin, procalcitonin, clinical biochemistry, and hematology in calves with neonatal sepsis","volume":"53","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5296","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21667","article-title":"Predictors of diarrhea, mortality, and weight gain in male dairy calves","volume":"105","author":"Schinwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.3.1257","article-title":"Genomic diversity and prevalence of Rotavirus in cow and buffalo calves in northern India","volume":"19","author":"Jindal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"139","article-title":"Epidemiology of Diarrhea for Chinese Dairy Calves: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3927","article-title":"Investigation of the Pathogen of Calf Diarrhea in Gansu Region and Isolation, Identification and Drug Resistance Analysis of Clostridium perfringens. China Anim","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2014.15.1.1","article-title":"An overview of calf diarrhea\u2014Infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"509","article-title":"Risk factors associated with diarrhoea in newborn calves","volume":"30","author":"Bendali","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7695","article-title":"Farm characteristics and calf management practices on dairy farms with and without diarrhea: A case-control study to investigate risk factors for calf diarrhea","volume":"97","author":"Iwersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25307","article-title":"Evaluation of changes in calf management from 2012 to 2022 on Austrian dairy farms using an online questionnaire","volume":"108","author":"Merkinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"164","article-title":"Species Identification and Subtype Analysis of Cryptosporidium Causing Calf Diarrhea on a Dairy Farm in Gansu","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley, B.B., Corbishley, A., Haskell, M.J., Duthie, C.-A., Macrae, A.I., Burrough, E., and Mason, C. (2024). Salivary pH, but not conductivity, is an indicator of diarrhea in neonatal calves. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1483890"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351048","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2024.2351048","article-title":"Managing viral challenges in dairy calves: Strategies for controlling viral infections","volume":"10","author":"Robi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2009.00963.x","article-title":"The effect of twinning on milk yield, dystocia, calf birth weight and open days in Holstein dairy cows of Iran","volume":"94","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2014.0351","article-title":"A review on major bacterial causes of calf diarrhea and its diagnostic method","volume":"7","author":"Muktar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0075-x","article-title":"Advances in prevention and therapy of neonatal dairy calf diarrhoea: A systematical review with emphasis on colostrum management and fluid therapy","volume":"56","author":"Meganck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Lu, Q., Tang, Y., Li, Q., Gao, P., Pang, S., Zhang, W., Nie, C., Niu, J., and Ma, X. (2025). Integrated 16S rDNA-Seq and metabolomics reveal seasonal dynamics of gut microbial-SCFA-immune crosstalk in diarrheic calves. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1615310"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(96)01021-5","article-title":"Association between cereal contents in the diet and incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens in Norway","volume":"28","author":"Kaldhusdal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450020023230","article-title":"Severely impaired production performance in broiler flocks with high incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated hepatitis","volume":"30","author":"Lovland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-57.5.393","article-title":"Growth and Sporulation Potential of Clostridium perfringens in Aerobic and Vacuum-Packaged Cooked Beef","volume":"57","author":"Juneja","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2008.10.013","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Diarrhea in Calves","volume":"25","author":"Foster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00816-20","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00816-20","article-title":"Calf Diarrhea Caused by Prolonged Expansion of Autochthonous Gut Enterobacteriaceae and Their Lytic Bacteriophages","volume":"6","author":"Whon","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(05)80210-6","article-title":"Bovine coronavirus","volume":"149","author":"Clark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, X., Wang, W., Dong, Z., Cheng, F., Zhou, X., Li, B., and Zhang, J. (2021). Detection of Infectious Agents Causing Neonatal Calf Diarrhea on Two Large Dairy Farms in Yangxin County, Shandong Province, China. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.589126"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01629-5","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: Biology, pathogenesis and disease","volume":"4","author":"Tzipori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.205.01.86","article-title":"Potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves","volume":"205","author":"Garber","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.12.1833","article-title":"Association of herd composition, stocking rate, and duration of calving season with fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in beef herds","volume":"215","author":"Atwill","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(99)00107-5","article-title":"Cryptosporidia on dairy farms and the role these farms may have in contaminating surface water supplies in the northeastern United States","volume":"43","author":"Sischo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahmani, H., Ouchene, N., Dahmani, A., Ouchene-Khelifi, N.A., and Oumouna, M. (2020). First report on Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli K99, rotavirus and coronavirus in neonatal lambs from north-center region, Algeria. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 73.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101567"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.7853\/kjvs.2023.46.1.47","article-title":"Analysis of prevalence and risk factors of calf diarrhea using rapid diagnosis kit","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean J. Vet. Serv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2015.01.003","article-title":"Comparison of experimental respiratory tularemia in three nonhuman primate species","volume":"39","author":"Glynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"01","article-title":"Epidemiological Studies on Calf Diarrhea in Jammu Region","volume":"8","author":"Tikoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.05.003","article-title":"Calf-level risk factors for neonatal diarrhea and shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in Ontario dairy calves","volume":"82","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7043","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22448","article-title":"Association between transfer of passive immunity, health, and performance of female dairy calves from birth to weaning","volume":"106","author":"Sutter","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"23","article-title":"Passive immunity to control Bovine coronavirus diarrhea in a dairy herd in Argentina","volume":"50","author":"Bok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2016v37n5p3159","article-title":"Risk factors for diarrhea in a cohort of dairy heifer calves reared in individual outdoor hutches in Pira\u00ed, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"37","author":"Fagundes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cienc. Agrar."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"541","article-title":"Relationship of adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and IGF-1 in cow\u2019s venous blood and venous cord blood with calf birth weight","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abebe, R., Dema, T., Libiyos, Y., Teherku, W., Regassa, A., Fekadu, A., and Sheferaw, D. (2023). Longitudinal study of calf morbidity and mortality and the associated risk factors on urban and peri-urban dairy farms in southern Ethiopia. BMC Vet. Res., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03574-8"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.12.032","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for dystocia in dairy cattle: A review","volume":"176","author":"Mee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5774","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12394","article-title":"Colostrum immunoglobulin G concentration of multiparous Jersey cows at first and second milking is associated with parity, colostrum yield, and time of first milking, and can be estimated with Brix refractometry","volume":"100","author":"Rolle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9370","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16524","article-title":"Evaluation of 2 different treatment procedures after calving to improve harvesting of high-quantity and high-quality colostrum","volume":"102","author":"Sutter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.07.005","article-title":"Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves","volume":"35","author":"Godden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am.\u2014Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77018-1","article-title":"Whole Milk and Oral Rehydration Solution for Calves with Diarrhea of Spontaneous Origin1","volume":"77","author":"Garthwaite","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"650","article-title":"Traditional Chinese Medicine reverses resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A narrative review","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1111","article-title":"The control of experimental Escherichia coli diarrhoea in calves by means of bacteriophages","volume":"133","author":"Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.1c00010","article-title":"Therapeutic and prophylactic effect of the experimental bacteriophage treatment to control diarrhea caused by E. coli in newborn calves","volume":"7","author":"Alomari","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Zhang, L., Zheng, H., Huang, W., Zhang, X., Ji, W., Ma, R., Mao, X., Huang, Y., and Liu, X. (2025). Oral bacteriophage therapy effectively prevents and controls Clostridium perfringens type C infections in newborn piglets. Vet. Microbiol., 300.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110330"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/12\/1150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T13:14:29Z","timestamp":1764681269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/12\/12\/1150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci12121150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci12121150","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]}}}