{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:21:43Z","timestamp":1791638503134,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dog overpopulation poses serious challenges to public health, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability. While surgical castration remains the most commonly used method for controlling reproduction in dogs, it carries risks and limitations, including surgical complications and long-term behavioral or physiological side effects. This review examines the potential of immunocastration\u2014vaccination targeting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)\u2014as an alternative approach. Immunocastration has been shown to suppress reproductive hormones, reduce gonadal function, and decrease behaviors such as roaming, aggression, and sexual mounting in dogs. The review also includes evidence from other species (e.g., pigs, cattle, and horses) to contextualize effectiveness and welfare implications. While behavioral effects are more variable and less frequently studied than physiological outcomes, recent findings suggest immunocastration may have fewer negative emotional side effects (e.g., anxiety and stress-related behaviors) than surgical sterilization. The review highlights the mechanisms, applications, and behavioral outcomes of immunocastration, including its reversibility, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for mass implementation. Overall, immunocastration offers a promising addition to dog population management strategies, particularly in regions with limited surgical infrastructure. Future research should focus on standardizing vaccine protocols and assessing long-term behavioral and welfare outcomes in diverse dog populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:27:47Z","timestamp":1766500067000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reproductive Control in Dogs with Emphasis on Anti-GnRH Immunocastration and Its Behavioral Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5965-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Ubilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronom\u00eda, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Avenida Manuel Montt 948, Providencia, Santiago 7500000, Chile"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Producci\u00f3n Animal, Universitat Aut\u00f2nomade Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9490-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manel","family":"Lopez-Bejar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7735-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Siel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pir\u00e1mide 5750, Santiago 8580835, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pir\u00e1mide 5750, Santiago 8580835, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7647-9714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"S\u00e1enz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Vacunas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.07.005","article-title":"Demography of the Pet Dog and Cat Population on the Island of Ireland and Human Factors Influencing Pet Ownership","volume":"92","author":"Downes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. 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