{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:32:20Z","timestamp":1791304340733,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008725","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FCE_1_2023_1_176353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCE_1_2023_1_176353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006049","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Sectorial de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024018","name":"PEDECIBA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024018","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011778","name":"Universidad Abierta Interamericana","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PS1-CAE 2025\/7139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS1-CAE 2025\/7139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccination remains a cornerstone of livestock disease control, yet its effectiveness under field conditions is often compromised by concurrent infections, particularly parasitic helminths. This review explores how infections shape vaccine-induced immunity in cattle, emphasizing the immunoregulatory mechanisms by which helminths interfere with protective responses. Chronic infections with Fasciola hepatica and Ostertagia ostertagi induce Th2-biased and regulatory immune environments that suppress antigen presentation, cytokine production, and memory formation and maintenance, leading to reduced vaccine efficacy. Evidence from experimental and field studies is scarce and constitutes a gap in our knowledge on how vaccines work in the field. Available data indicate that infection timing, intensity, and chronicity critically determine the extent of vaccine interference. The review highlights diagnostic approaches that can support targeted deworming before vaccination and proposes integrated management strategies combining parasite control, immunization, and nutritional optimization. Such approaches can mitigate helminth-driven immune suppression, enhance herd protection, and reduce dependence on anthelmintics. However, the impact of helminth infections on vaccine efficacy in cattle should be further assessed in the field. Understanding parasite\u2013vaccine interactions is essential to refine vaccination programs, guide the development of next-generation vaccines, and promote sustainable livestock health in parasite-endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T09:58:34Z","timestamp":1766570314000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Helminthic Infections and Vaccine Efficacy in Cattle: Implications for Disease Control and Sustainable Livestock Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7808-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Freire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunomodulaci\u00f3n y Vacunas, Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Inmunobiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7117-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra V.","family":"Capozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, CONICET-Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Montes de Oca 745, Buenos Aires 1270, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfab047","article-title":"Livestock across the world: Diverse animal species with complex roles in human societies and ecosystem services","volume":"11","author":"Alders","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. 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