{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:07:08Z","timestamp":1791871628567,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Species of the orders Charadriiformes and Anseriformes serve as the primary long-distance disseminators of various avulaviruses. The most economically significant among them is Newcastle disease virus (NDV), or Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOAV-1), which causes diseases of varying severity in both domestic and wild birds. Other avulaviruses have been studied to a much lesser extent, and for most of them, only single isolates are known, which does not allow a comprehensive assessment of their potential threat. To evaluate the biological diversity and potential risks posed by avian paramyxoviruses spread by wild waterfowl during autumn migration, fecal samples from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) (n = 3604) were collected at water bodies in Moscow and the Moscow Region between 2008 and 2024. From these samples, AOAV-1 (n = 4) and Avian paraavulavirus 4 (APMV-4) (n = 9) were isolated and partially sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all AOAV-1 isolates belong to genotype 1 of class II, while all APMV-4 isolates belong to the Eurasian subgenotype of genotype 1. Analysis of the F protein cleavage site motif indicated conformity with the consensus sequences characteristic of lentogenic and non-pathogenic avian paramyxoviruses in all isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:50:21Z","timestamp":1766710221000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Avulaviruses Isolated from Mallard Ducks in Moscow in 2008\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3801-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Treshchalina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8491-4640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Boravleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6351-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Gordeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1892-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Gambaryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Village of Institute of Poliomyelitis, Settlement \u201cMoskovskiy\u201d, 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001328","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Paramyxoviridae","volume":"100","author":"Rima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Vanmechelen, B., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Drexler, J.F., Duprex, P.W., Lee, B., Plemper, R.K., and Maes, P. (2025, April 12). Taxonomic Reorganization of the Family Paramyxoviridae. Available online: https:\/\/ictv.global\/system\/files\/proposals\/approved\/Animal_dsRNA_and_ssRNA-_viruses\/2023.018M.Paramyxoviridae_reorg.docx."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-147","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships and pathogenicity variation of two Newcastle disease viruses isolated from domestic ducks in Southern China","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1539","article-title":"Generation of velogenic Newcastle disease viruses from a nonpathogenic waterfowl isolate by passaging in chickens","volume":"301","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459808419279","article-title":"Antigenic and phylogenetic studies on a variant Newcastle disease virus using anti-fusion protein monoclonal antibodies and partial sequencing of the fusion protein gene","volume":"27","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.103917","article-title":"Updated unified phylogenetic classification system and revised nomenclature for Newcastle disease virus","volume":"74","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"678","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+C-content biases","volume":"9","author":"Tamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","article-title":"A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences","volume":"16","author":"Kimura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treshchalina, A., Postnikova, Y., Gambaryan, A., Ishmukhametov, A., Prilipov, A., Sadykova, G., Lomakina, N., and Boravleva, E. (2022). Monitoring of Avian Influenza Viruses and Paramyxoviruses in Ponds of Moscow and the Moscow Region. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122624"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-5-124","article-title":"Molecular characterization and complete genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus type 4 prototype strain duck\/Hong Kong\/D3\/75","volume":"5","author":"Nayak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104777","article-title":"Genetic and evolutionary characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 4 in China","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2025, April 12). Newcastle Disease (Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus) (Version Adopted in May 2021). Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/fr\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.03.14_NEWCASTLE_DIS.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2018.06.040","article-title":"Comparative evolutionary and phylogenomic analysis of Avian avulaviruses 1\u201320","volume":"127","author":"Shabbir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"817","article-title":"Long-term dynamics in different avian influenza viruses in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population in Moscow City and region: Dependence on the migration activity","volume":"6","author":"Treshchalina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Life cycle and population dynamics of the urban mallard population (Anas platyrhynchos, Anseriformes, Aves) in Moscow","volume":"95","author":"Avilova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zool. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1848","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus in Egyptian domestic poultry, 2019\u20132021: Molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and coinfection with avian influenza A virus","volume":"15","author":"Taweel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samy, A., and Naguib, M.M. (2018). Avian Respiratory Coinfection and Impact on Avian Influenza Pathogenicity in Domestic Poultry: Field and Experimental Findings. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5010023"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01414-15","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01414-15","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of Genotype Ib Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from a Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) in Russia","volume":"3","author":"Yurchenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murashkina, T., Sharshov, K., Gadzhiev, A., Petherbridge, G., Derko, A., Sobolev, I., Dubovitskiy, N., Loginova, A., Kurskaya, O., and Kasianov, N. (2024). Avian Influenza Virus and Avian Paramyxoviruses in Wild Waterfowl of the Western Coast of the Caspian Sea (2017\u20132020). Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040598"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guseva, N.A., Kolosov, S.N., Zinyakov, N.G., Andriyasov, A.V., Yin, R., Scherbakova, L.O., Ovchinnikova, E.V., Nikonova, Z.B., Andreychuk, D.B., and Sprygin, A.V. (2023). Analysis of Avian Orthoavulavirus 1 Detected in the Russian Federation between 2017 and 2021. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11061032"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00318-17","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00318-17","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of an Avian Paramyxovirus Type 4 Strain Isolated from Domestic Duck at a Live Bird Market in South Korea","volume":"5","author":"Yuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.03.025","article-title":"Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of avian paramyxovirus type 4 isolated in South Korea from 2013 to 2017","volume":"61","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802216645","article-title":"Comparative study on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of wild bird isolates of avian paramyxovirus 2, 4, and 6 in chickens","volume":"37","author":"Warke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swayne, D., Boulianne, M., Logue, C.M., McDougald, L.R., Nair, V., Suarez, D.L., de Wit, S., Grimes, T., Johnson, D., and Kromm, M. (2020). Newcastle Disease. Diseases of Poultry, Wiley Blackwell-AAAP. [14th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/1\/23\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T01:18:37Z","timestamp":1766711917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/1\/23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13010023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13010023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]}}}