{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:10:06Z","timestamp":1792458606437,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNFSA210073688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNFSA210073688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess cytokine levels in blood plasma and serum, and saliva of juvenile pigs in response to acute systemic inflammation. The objectives were to: (1) validate an analytical method for quantifying cytokines in serum; (2) assess the reliability of serum compared to plasma for cytokine quantification; and (3) explore the potential of saliva as a non-invasive alternative for cytokine measurement. Changes in 13 cytokines (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18 and GM-CSF) were analyzed in serum and saliva samples collected over a 72 h period following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion to induce an acute inflammatory response in 10 juvenile pigs (~28 kg BW). EDTA plasma was collected over the same time period, and a subset of four cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-\u03b3) was analyzed to assess correlations with serum concentrations. A strong positive correlation was observed between serum and EDTA plasma levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-\u03b3 (r = 0.91\u20131.00, p &lt; 0.001), indicating that both serum and EDTA plasma can be used to obtain reliable measurements of cytokine concentrations in blood of juvenile pigs. Among the 13 analyzed cytokines in serum, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 appeared as the most reliable cytokines during acute inflammation, peaking at 1 h and between 2 and 3 h post LPS infusion, respectively. In general, saliva did not correlate with serum for most cytokines, suggesting limited application of such a non-invasive matrix for systemic cytokine monitoring. However, IL-1\u03b1 was detected at higher concentrations in saliva than in serum, suggesting that saliva may be useful for monitoring specific cytokines under certain inflammatory conditions. Further research is needed to clarify the origin and physiological role of salivary cytokines following LPS stimulation. Serum and plasma were suitable for cytokine analysis; however, serum may offer practical advantages by facilitating blood sample handling. Saliva may be useful for monitoring specific cytokines under certain inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13010068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T16:03:16Z","timestamp":1767974596000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Study of Cytokine Measurements in Blood Plasma and Serum, and Saliva of Juvenile Pigs During Experimentally Induced Acute Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2383-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pernille Aagaard","family":"Madsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, AU Viborg, Aarhus University, Blichers All\u00e9 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Jerez-Bogot\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, AU Viborg, Aarhus University, Blichers All\u00e9 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9172-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darya","family":"Vodolazska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, AU Viborg, Aarhus University, Blichers All\u00e9 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Lauridsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, AU Viborg, Aarhus University, Blichers All\u00e9 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e","article-title":"Cytokines, Inflammation, and Pain","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. 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