{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:56:42Z","timestamp":1784761002365,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza D virus (IDV) and co-circulating respiratory pathogens were investigated using RT-qPCR in 316 samples collected from 210 Spanish cattle farms with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) outbreaks between July 2023 and September 2024. Thirty-eight IDV-positive samples, from 30 farms across 15 provinces throughout Spain, were identified. IDV was significantly more frequent in bronchoalveolar lavage samples (22.1%) and nasal swabs (13.5%) compared to lung tissues (5%) and other sample mixtures (5%). All IDV-positive specimens exhibited co-infections, with most (94.7%) harboring three to seven viral and\/or bacterial pathogens, highlighting the complexity of BRD outbreaks. Cramer\u2019s V analysis revealed moderate IDV association with Mycoplasma bovis (V = 0.255) and Pasteurella multocida (V = 0.223), and a weaker IDV-bovine coronavirus association (V = 0.202), while IDV association with Histophilus somni (V = 0.025) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (V = 0.000) was negligible. Partial sequences of the hemagglutinin-esterase (HEF) gene from a subset of 13 IDV-positive samples (Ct &lt; 32) were obtained. This confirmed the presence of the two major genetic lineages detected among cattle in Europe, D\/OK and D\/660, with D\/660 exhibiting higher genetic diversity, as determined by DNAsp 6.12 software. This is the first report of IDV infection in Spanish cattle, confirming the circulation of the D\/OK and D\/660 lineages within the cattle population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13020130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T08:12:23Z","timestamp":1769674343000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["First Detection and Genetic Characterization of Influenza D Virus in Cattle in Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2497-9028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo A.","family":"Benito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exopol S.L., Pol R\u00edo G\u00e1llego D\/14, San Mateo de G\u00e1llego, 50840 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0210-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis V.","family":"Monteagudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group A16_23R (Zoonosis and Emerging Diseases of Public Interest), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Research Agrifood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"L\u00e1zaro-Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exopol S.L., Pol R\u00edo G\u00e1llego D\/14, San Mateo de G\u00e1llego, 50840 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7106-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Garza-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Agrifood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Ant\u00f3n-Baltan\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exopol S.L., Pol R\u00edo G\u00e1llego D\/14, San Mateo de G\u00e1llego, 50840 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7831-2483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Qu\u00edlez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group A16_23R (Zoonosis and Emerging Diseases of Public Interest), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Research Agrifood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.03.027","article-title":"Pathogenesis of co-infections of influenza D virus and Mannheimia haemolytica in cattle","volume":"231","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. 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