{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:15:09Z","timestamp":1770063309321,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early recognition of vascular compromise is essential for reconstructive flap survival. In human surgery, local glucose monitoring is widely used as an objective indicator of perfusion, but its application in veterinary patients is still limited. This report describes postoperative glucose measurement as a simple and minimally invasive method for evaluating flap viability in two dogs. This report describes two prospectively observed clinical cases in which local glucose measurement was applied as an adjunctive monitoring tool during postoperative flap management. Local glucose values were measured with a handheld glucometer at predefined flap and control sites. Serial readings were compared with daily assessments of flap color, temperature, turgor, and wound integrity. A previously suggested threshold of 60\u201362 mg\/dL was used as a reference for potential perfusion compromise. In Case 1, a phalangeal fillet flap showed a brief glucose decline on postoperative days 2\u20133, followed by normalization and uneventful healing. In Case 2, which underwent advancement flap reconstruction after wound dehiscence, glucose values remained persistently below 60 mg\/dL and preceded visible ischemia and distal necrosis. Local glucose monitoring provided rapid and clinically meaningful information about flap perfusion. Transient decreases reflected reversible postoperative congestion, whereas persistent hypoglycemia indicated progressive ischemia. These findings support the use of glucose monitoring as an adjunct in small-animal reconstructive surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13020143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:00:33Z","timestamp":1770022833000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Flap Survival Using Local Glucose Measurement in Dogs Undergoing Reconstructive Procedures: Two Case Reports"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daseul","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5984-4381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangyul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keuntae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2529-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kihoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hwi-Yool","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2011.11.026","article-title":"Blood glucose measurement for flap monitoring to salvage flaps from venous thrombosis","volume":"65","author":"Hara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2013.08.001","article-title":"Capillary measurement of lactate and glucose for free flap monitoring","volume":"59","author":"Henault","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Chir. Plast. Esthet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5289","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005289","article-title":"DIY Flap Monitoring: The Glucose Index","volume":"11","author":"Schauvinhold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1851","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001851","article-title":"Ratio of blood glucose level change measurement for flap monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Karakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. 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Esthet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2010.09.022","article-title":"Monitoring of intraoral free flaps with microdialysis","volume":"49","author":"Nielsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/22925503221116284","article-title":"Flap Monitoring Using Interstitial Fluid Glucose Measurements","volume":"32","author":"Kiuchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2018.06.001","article-title":"Monitoring Free Flap Venous Congestion Using Continuous Tissue Glucose Monitoring: A Case Report","volume":"17","author":"Tachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"JPRAS Open"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Pavletic, M.M. (2022). Skin grafting and reconstruction techniques. Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery, Wiley. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-021-01831-9","article-title":"Using Blood Glucose and Lactate Levels for Early Detection of Venous Congestion Following a Free Flap Procedure for Lower Extremity Open Fractures","volume":"48","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20231430","article-title":"Flap and Finger-Tip Blood Glucose Level Monitoring to Predict Venous Thrombosis in Free Flaps: A Simple and Effective Method","volume":"11","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"I1","article-title":"Differential Measurement of Free Flap and Body Glucose: An Objective Tool for Free Flap Monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Mohanty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/jms.jms_127_20","article-title":"Role of flap blood glucose measurement in monitoring of flap incorporating skin and to detect flap congestion and flap salvage","volume":"34","author":"Choudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759726","article-title":"Difference between Capillary Blood Glucose of Free Flap and the Patient: A Novel Objective Marker of Free Flap Vascular Compromise during Postoperative Monitoring","volume":"56","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. Surg."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/2\/143\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:29:00Z","timestamp":1770024540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/2\/143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13020143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13020143","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}}}