{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T06:16:09Z","timestamp":1770876969556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Faisal University","award":["KFU260719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU260719"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine babesiosis is a widespread tick-borne parasitic disease that compromises calf health and productivity, causing substantial economic losses. This study evaluated the potential of molecular and hematobiochemical biomarkers for the detection of babesiosis in Holstein calves by analyzing the expression dynamics of selected immune and antioxidant genes and their association with blood-based indicators. Blood samples were collected from 243 fattening calves, classified as healthy (n = 180) or naturally infected (n = 63). Transcriptional levels of immune-related genes (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and MCP-1) and antioxidant genes (SOD3, CAT, GPX, and GST) were measured alongside hematological, biochemical, immunological, and oxidative stress assessments. Infected calves exhibited significant upregulation (p &lt; 0.05) of immune and pro-inflammatory genes, indicating strong immune activation, while antioxidant gene expression was markedly downregulated, reflecting impaired redox balance. These molecular changes were accompanied by hematobiochemical alterations, including elevated liver and kidney markers, serum lipids, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative stress indices. Conversely, reductions were observed in glucose, serum proteins, thyroid hormones, essential minerals, total antioxidant capacity, and endogenous antioxidant enzymes. The coordinated assessment of immune and antioxidant gene expression with hematobiochemical profiles provides a robust biomarker-based approach for the early detection and monitoring of bovine babesiosis. These integrated molecular and blood-based indicators may support effective diagnosis, disease management, and control strategies in livestock production systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13020176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:16:38Z","timestamp":1770722198000},"page":"176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Molecular and Hematobiochemical Biomarkers for the Detection of Bovine Babesiosis in Holstein Calves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Haifa Ali","family":"Alqhtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Marzok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al Ahssaa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasha Yassin","family":"Elkhidr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al Ahssaa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Poultry Nutrition Department, Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo 11753, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Safaa M.","family":"Barghash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Poultry Nutrition Department, Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo 11753, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed L.","family":"El-Naggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Poultry Nutrition Department, Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo 11753, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed T.","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Poultry Nutrition Department, Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo 11753, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed I.","family":"Ateya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0533-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatmah Ahmed","family":"Safhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wafaa A.","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Poultry Nutrition Department, Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo 11753, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tana-Hern\u00e1ndez, L., Navarrete-Arroyo, K., Ron-Rom\u00e1n, J., Reyna-Bello, A., and Ch\u00e1vez-Larrea, M.A. (2017). PCR-diagnosis of Anaplasma marginale in cattle populations of Ecuador and its molecular identification through sequencing of ribosomal 16S fragments. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1311-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, J.A., Rojas, C., and Figueroa, J.V. (2019). Diagnostic tools for the identification of Babesia sp. in persistently infected cattle. 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