{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:18:11Z","timestamp":1772461091774,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University Research Fund","award":["VTF-24047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VTF-24047"]}]},{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0006-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0006-C02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a major vector-borne disease with zoonotic potential, and oxidative stress plays an important role in its pathogenesis. CanL is a chronic, progressive disease in which clinical signs may develop gradually over months or even years, depending on host immune response and parasite burden. This study aimed to evaluate oxidative DNA damage in dogs with CanL by measuring urinary 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and oxidative stress markers. A total of 54 dogs, including 34 dogs with CanL and 20 healthy controls, were included. Urinary 8-OHdG and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using ELISA method, whereas serum TAC and TOC were determined using automated colorimetric method. Dogs with CanL showed significantly higher TAC (1.30 \u00b1 0.05 vs. 1.04 \u00b1 0.06 mmol\/L, p = 0.001) and TOC levels (18.91 \u00b1 3.29 vs. 8.23 \u00b1 1.61 \u03bcmol H2O2 Eq\/L, p = 0.002) compared with healthy controls. Although urinary 8-OHdG and MDA levels were higher in infected dogs, these differences were not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). These findings indicate a disturbance in oxidative balance in dogs with CanL, characterized by simultaneous increases in both oxidant and antioxidant parameters, while urinary 8-OHdG, as measured by ELISA, may have limited ability to reflect cellular oxidative DNA damage in dogs with CanL, rather than indicating an absence of DNA damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13030230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T12:39:56Z","timestamp":1772455196000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2\u2032-Deoxyguanosine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Demet","family":"Derya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09016, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songul","family":"Erdogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09016, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tahir","family":"Ozalp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09016, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5141-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Erdogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09016, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serdar","family":"Pasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09016, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Gultekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09016, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1867-7143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerem","family":"Ural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n 09016, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilia","family":"Tsachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University-Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.10.002","article-title":"Experimental model for reproduction of canine visceral leishmaniosis by Leishmania infantum","volume":"192","author":"Iniesta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12977","article-title":"The current epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia and implications for disease emergence in European countries","volume":"69","author":"Jumakanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2025.105836","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of canine leishmaniasis in Mediterranean countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2000\u20132024)","volume":"194","author":"Ferdes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.70010","article-title":"Country-Level Canine Leishmaniosis Risk: A Literature Review, 2019\u20132023","volume":"72","author":"Swisher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"465","article-title":"First report of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Bulgaria","volume":"34","author":"Tsachev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilas-Boas, D.F., Nakasone, E.K.N., Gon\u00e7alves, A.A.M., Lair, D.F., Oliveira, D.S.d., Pereira, D.F.S., Silva, G.G., Conrado, I.d.S.S., Resende, L.A., and Zald\u00edvar, M.F. (2024). Global Distribution of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis and the Role of the Dog in the Epidemiology of the Disease. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060455"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)80077-3","article-title":"What is oxidative stress?","volume":"49","author":"Betteridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2985-8","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Relationships between oxidative stress, liver and kidney variables, trace elements, and clinical status","volume":"111","author":"Heidarpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123779","article-title":"Under pressure: Updated insights into the mechanisms of Leishmania\u2019s defense in response to oxidative stress","volume":"377","author":"Nunes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quintavalla, F., Basini, G., Bussolati, S., Carrozzo, G.G., Inglese, A., and Ramoni, R. (2021). Redox status in canine leishmaniasis. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010119"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.071","article-title":"Oxidative stress and canine leishmaniasis: More than a simple consequence of host-parasite interaction","volume":"198","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42687-9","article-title":"Neutrophil properties in healthy and Leishmania infantum-naturally infected dogs","volume":"9","author":"Wardini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2016.12.006","article-title":"The effects of increased heme oxygenase-1 on the lymphoproliferative response in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"222","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"407","article-title":"Investigation of DNA damage and protein damage caused by oxidative stress in canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"77","author":"Kiral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Weter."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.02.016","article-title":"Neutrophil Dysfunction Varies with the Stage of Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis","volume":"196","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.08.024","article-title":"Leishmaniasis Causes Oxidative Stress and Alteration of Oxidative Metabolism and Viability of Neutrophils in Dogs","volume":"198","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2004.01.005","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidative Status in Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"77","author":"Bildik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32619","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32619","article-title":"Circulating biomarkers of immune activation, oxidative stress and inflammation characterize severe canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.08.006","article-title":"Correlations between peripheral parasite load and common clinical and laboratory alterations in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"132","author":"Torrecilha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.5.714","article-title":"Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and assessment of oxidative stress in dogs and cats","volume":"231","author":"McMichael","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769809065821","article-title":"Measurement of lipid peroxidation","volume":"28","author":"Moore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)00123-8","article-title":"8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine and 8-hydroxyguanine as biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage","volume":"300","author":"Helbock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00265","article-title":"Occurrence, Biological Consequences, and Human Health Relevance of Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graille, M., Wild, P., Sauvain, J.-J., Hemmendinger, M., Guseva Canu, I., and Hopf, N.B. (2020). Urinary 8-OHdG as a Biomarker for Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113743"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.09.010","article-title":"Urinary 8-OHdG: A marker of oxidative stress to DNA and a risk factor for cancer, atherosclerosis and diabetics","volume":"339","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.002","article-title":"Investigation of the 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine, total antioxidant and nitric oxide levels of serum in dogs infected with Babesia vogeli","volume":"204","author":"Ciftci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"163","article-title":"Urine 8-hydroxy-2\u2019-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels of dogs in pyoderma","volume":"59","author":"Ercan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ank. \u00dcniversitesi Vet. Fak\u00fcltesi Derg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.33988\/auvfd.492765","article-title":"Determination of 8-hydroxy-2\u2019deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in Kangal dogs with venereal tumour","volume":"67","author":"Ercan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ank. \u00dcniversitesi Vet. Fak\u00fcltesi Derg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Montero, B., Fermin-Rodriguez, M.L., Portero-Fuentes, M., Sarquis, J., Caceres, S., Portal, J.I.D., de Juan, L., Miro, G., and Cruz-Lopez, F. (2025). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2\u2019-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in canine serum: Establishing reference intervals and influencing factors. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04614-1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.014","article-title":"A novel automated method to measure total antioxidant response against potent free radical reactions","volume":"37","author":"Erel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008","article-title":"A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status","volume":"38","author":"Erel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.54203\/scil.2022.wvj7","article-title":"Human and canine leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and risk factors","volume":"12","author":"Dahmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2017.10.011","article-title":"Clinicopathological findings in sick dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum: Comparison of five different clinical classification systems","volume":"117","author":"Ordeix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.036","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Detection of Leishmania spp. genome in peripheral blood of seropositive dogs by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR)","volume":"126","author":"Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160305","article-title":"Scoring clinical signs can help diagnose canine visceral leishmaniazis in a highly endemic area in Brazil","volume":"112","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2020-0047","article-title":"Serum total antioxidant capacity and enzymatic defence of dogs with chronic heart failure and atrial fibrillation: A preliminary study","volume":"64","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12579","article-title":"Potential of plant polyphenols to combat oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in farm animals","volume":"101","author":"Gessner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2005.01758.x","article-title":"Serum antioxidant activities, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels in human cutaneous leishmaniazis","volume":"30","author":"Serarslan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborti, S., Chakraborti, T., Chattopadhyay, D., and Shaha, C. (2019). Oxidative stress and antioxidants in host defense in leishmaniasis. Oxidative Stress in Microbial Diseases, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8763-0"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621447114","article-title":"Type I interferons induced by endogenous or exogenous viral infections promote metastasis and relapse of leishmaniasis","volume":"114","author":"Rossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"199","article-title":"Oxidative stress and redox regulation: Adaptation, damage, repair, senescence, and death","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Halliwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"183","article-title":"Visseral leishmaniazis\u2019 in farkl\u0131 evrelerindeki k\u00f6peklerde oksidatif durum ve lipid profili","volume":"41","author":"Ural","year":"2017","journal-title":"T\u00fcrkiye Parazitolojii Derg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001425","DOI":"10.29374\/2527-2179.bjvm001425","article-title":"DNA damage in canine leishmaniasis infection is detectable by micronucleus and comet assay in peripheral blood samples","volume":"47","author":"Ruiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098612X231173519","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231173519","article-title":"8-Hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde in plasma and their association with disease severity in 20 cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Nishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/3\/230\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T13:21:31Z","timestamp":1772457691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/3\/230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13030230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13030230","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}}}