{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:38:35Z","timestamp":1793216315353,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cGobierno de Navarra, Doctorados industriales 2023\u201d","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/025qq4838","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteric diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and economic loss in livestock production, and the search for effective, antibiotic-free alternatives has intensified in recent years. Among emerging strategies, yeast-derived postbiotics\u2014non-viable microbial cells and their metabolites\u2014have gained attention for their potential to enhance gut health and disease resistance in farm animals. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the composition, mechanisms of action, and practical applications of yeast postbiotics, particularly those derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and related species. Key bioactive components, such as \u03b2-glucans, mannan oligosaccharides, peptides, and organic acids, are discussed in the context of their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and pathogen-inhibitory properties. Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies across multiple livestock species\u2014including poultry, swine, and ruminants\u2014demonstrates beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function, microbial balance, and performance under disease-challenged conditions. Despite promising outcomes, challenges remain in standardizing postbiotic preparations, elucidating dose\u2013response relationships, and tailoring applications to species-specific needs and production systems. This review highlights the potential of yeast postbiotics as a sustainable tool in enteric disease management and outlines research priorities for their broader implementation in animal agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13030287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:54:37Z","timestamp":1773910477000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Yeast-Derived Postbiotics for Prevention of Enteric Diseases in Farm Animals: Current Insights and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4683-5684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Cerd\u00e1n-Aldu\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadira","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0046-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Conde-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kappes, A., Tozooneyi, T., Shakil, G., Railey, A.F., McIntyre, K.M., Mayberry, D.E., Rushton, J., Pendell, D.L., and Marsh, T.L. (2023). Livestock Health and Disease Economics: A Scoping Review of Selected Literature. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1168649"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e309","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00047-0","article-title":"Quantifying Cost of Disease in Livestock: A New Metric for the Global Burden of Animal Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Gilbert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.047","article-title":"A Review of the Animal Disease Outbreaks and Biosecure Animal Mortality Composting Systems","volume":"90","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.21603\/2308-4057-2024-1-595","article-title":"Major Food-Borne Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens of Livestock Origin: Review","volume":"12","author":"Zenu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods Raw Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2026, February 28). NC_old1202: Enteric Diseases of Food Animals: Enhanced Prevention, Control and Food Safety. Available online: https:\/\/nimss.org\/projects\/view\/mrp\/outline\/18356."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrara, G., and Tejeda, C. (2025). Editorial: Economic Impact of Infections on the Farm Industry. Front. Anim. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2025.1662939"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178630220932540","DOI":"10.1177\/1178630220932540","article-title":"Health Literacy Toward Zoonotic Diseases Among Livestock Farmers in Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Kaewkungwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.40.2.3240","article-title":"Epidemic Disease Risks and Implications for Veterinary Services","volume":"40","author":"Karesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caron, A., Angel Barasona, J., Miguel, E., Michaux, J., and De Garine-Wichatitsky, M. (2021). Characterisation of Wildlife-Livestock Interfaces: The Need for Interdisciplinary Approaches and a Dedicated Thematic Field. Diseases at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface: Research and Perspectives in a Changing World, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-65365-1_11"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109117","article-title":"Porcine Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Antimicrobial Resistance and Development of Microbial-Based Alternative Control Strategies","volume":"258","author":"Laird","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"62","article-title":"Bovine Salmonellosis and Its Public Health Importance: A Review","volume":"44","author":"Bushra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Life Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.09.024","article-title":"ETEC Vaccination in Pigs","volume":"152","author":"Melkebeek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2023.11.001","article-title":"Colonization Factors of Human and Animal-Specific Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)","volume":"32","author":"Svennerholm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watts, A., and Wigley, P. (2024). Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli: An Overview of Infection Biology, Antimicrobial Resistance and Vaccination. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13090809"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentum, K.E., Kuufire, E., Nyarku, R., Osei, V., Price, S., Bourassa, D., Samuel, T., Jackson, C.R., and Abebe, W. (2025). Salmonellosis in Cattle: Sources and Risk of Infection, Control, and Prevention. Zoonotic Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/zoonoticdis5010004"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddique, A., Wang, Z., Zhou, H., Huang, L., Jia, C., Wang, B., Ed-Dra, A., Teng, L., Li, Y., and Yue, M. (2024). The Evolution of Vaccines Development across Salmonella Serovars among Animal Hosts: A Systematic Review. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12091067"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.36348\/gajms.2025.v07i03.005","article-title":"Pathogenicity, Epidemiology, and Advances in the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Infections: A Narrative Review","volume":"7","author":"Onyeke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Acad. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enshaie, E., Nigam, S., Patel, S., and Rai, V. (2025). Livestock Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060621"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matheou, A., Abousetta, A., Pascoe, A.P., Papakostopoulos, D., Charalambous, L., Panagi, S., Panagiotou, S., Yiallouris, A., Filippou, C., and Johnson, E.O. (2025). Antibiotic Use in Livestock Farming: A Driver of Multidrug Resistance?. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040779"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2023.e129","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Livestock, Environment and Humans: One Health Perspective","volume":"66","author":"Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, T., Lu, Y., Ding, W., Xu, B., Zhang, C., Li, L., Jian, F., and Huang, S. (2025). The Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics in Livestock and Poultry Gut Health: A Review. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15070478"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"59","article-title":"Strategies to Improve Livestock Productivity through Probiotic Supplementation: A Literature Review","volume":"1","author":"Inal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Agribus. Welf. Technol. Humanit. Environ. Soc. Econ."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2026, February 28). Probiotics in Animal Feed Market by Source (Bacteria, Yeast & Fungi), Livestock (Poultry, Swine, Ruminants, Aquaculture, Pet, and Other Livestock), Form (Liquid, Dry), Strain Specificity, Function, Distribution Channel, and Region\u2014Global Forecast to 2030. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/reports\/5406492\/probiotics-in-animal-feed-market-by-source?srsltid=AfmBOoonaLkS0jij8Po1gB-Py_fgL8KbV5x9O2H6O4vLGSZRdKemhUAe."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113785","article-title":"What Are the Main Obstacles to Turning Foods Healthier through Probiotics Incorporation? A Review of Functionalization of Foods by Probiotics and Bioactive Metabolites","volume":"176","author":"Magnani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2025.101044","article-title":"Exploring the Dark Side of Probiotics to Pursue Light: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Risks to Be Opportunistic Pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Masud, A., Rousham, E.K., Islam, M.A., Alam, M.-U., Rahman, M., Al Mamun, A., Sarker, S., Asaduzzaman, M., and Unicomb, L. (2020). Drivers of Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production in Bangladesh: Dependencies and Dynamics of a Patron-Client Relationship. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00078"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.210-221","article-title":"Antimicrobial Uses for Livestock Production in Developing Countries","volume":"14","author":"Hosain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100002","DOI":"10.64902\/ajavas.2025.100002","article-title":"Emerging Applications of Postbiotics to Sustainable Livestock Production Systems","volume":"1","author":"Otto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) Consensus Statement on the Definition and Scope of Postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinderola, G., Sanders, M.E., and Salminen, S. (2022). The Concept of Postbiotics. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11081077"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinderola, G., Sanders, M.E., Cunningham, M., and Hill, C. (2024). Frequently Asked Questions about the ISAPP Postbiotic Definition. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1324565"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-025-04483-8","article-title":"Postbiotics: An Insightful Review of the Latest Category in Functional Biotics","volume":"41","author":"Amobonye","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurunathan, S., Thangaraj, P., and Kim, J.-H. (2023). Postbiotics: Functional Food Materials and Therapeutic Agents for Cancer, Diabetes, and Inflammatory Diseases. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13010089"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.5713\/ab.23.0467","article-title":"Saccharomyces Yeast Postbiotics Supplemented in Feeds for Sows and Growing Pigs for Its Impact on Growth Performance of Offspring and Growing Pigs in Commercial Farm Environments","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05505-3","article-title":"Physiological Responses of Holstein Calves to Heat Stress and Dietary Supplementation with a Postbiotic from Aspergillus oryzae","volume":"12","author":"Kaufman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, I., Robinson, L., Verhelst, A., Marzorati, M., Winkens, B., Van den Abbeele, P., and Possemiers, S. (2017). A Yeast Fermentate Improves Gastrointestinal Discomfort and Constipation by Modulation of the Gut Microbiome: Results from a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1948-0"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3390\/nutraceuticals3010009","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects, Protection of Gut Barrier Integrity and Stimulation of Phagocytosis of Postbiotic Combination ABB C1","volume":"3","author":"Vetvicka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutraceuticals"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Carrera Marcolin, L., Cu\u00f1\u00e9 Castellana, J., Mart\u00ed Melero, L., de Lecea, C., and Tintor\u00e9 Gazulla, M. (2026, February 28). Synergistic Effect of Postbiotic Yeast ABB C22\u00ae on Gut In-Flammation, Barrier Function and Protection from Rotavirus in-Fection. Available online: https:\/\/www.preprints.org\/frontend\/manuscript\/b1dfcc56186d72e40c91aa37f0805c8f\/download_pub."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2021.12.009","article-title":"Fortifying Foods with Synbiotic and Postbiotic Preparations of the Probiotic Yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii","volume":"43","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017b\u00f3\u0142kiewicz, J., Marzec, A., Ruszczy\u0144ski, M., and Feleszko, W. (2020). Postbiotics\u2014A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082189"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nenciarini, S., and Cavalieri, D. (2023). Immunomodulatory Potential of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: Insights for Therapeutic Applications. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101487"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2022.08.032","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Baker\u2019s Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Novel Vaccine Material for Immune Cell Maturation","volume":"112","author":"Higuchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mierzejewska, J., Kowalska, P., Marlicka, K., Dworakowska, S., Sitkiewicz, E., Trzaskowski, M., G\u0142uchowska, A., Mosieniak, G., and Milner-Krawczyk, M. (2023). Exploring Extracellular Vesicles of Probiotic Yeast as Carriers of Biologically Active Molecules Transferred to Human Intestinal Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411340"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayalakshmi, S., Chelliah, R., Barathikannan, K., Sultan, G., and Oh, D.-H. (2025). Exopolysaccharides: Exploring Their Role as Postbiotics. Postbiotics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-22188-0.00011-5"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-024-00363-y","article-title":"Saccharomyces Yeast Postbiotics Mitigate Mucosal Damages from F18+ Escherichia coli Challenges by Positively Balancing the Mucosal Microbiota in the Jejunum of Young Pigs","volume":"6","author":"Gormley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.05.002","article-title":"Yeast Glucan Particles Activate Murine Resident Macrophages to Secrete Proinflammatory Cytokines via MyD88- and Syk Kinase-Dependent Pathways","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114392","article-title":"Active Fractions of Mannoproteins Derived from Yeast Cell Wall Stimulate Innate and Acquired Immunity of Adult and Elderly Dogs","volume":"261","author":"Kroll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8600-0","article-title":"Chitin and Its Effects on Inflammatory and Immune Responses","volume":"54","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perricone, V., Sandrini, S., Irshad, N., Savoini, G., Comi, M., and Agazzi, A. (2022). Yeast-Derived Products: The Role of Hydrolyzed Yeast and Yeast Culture in Poultry Nutrition\u2014A Review. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12111426"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfx041","article-title":"Evaluating Hydrolyzed Yeast in the Diet of Broiler Breeder Hens","volume":"27","author":"Araujo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4046","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4277","article-title":"Effects of Supplementation with Yeast Culture and Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast on Performance of Early Lactation Dairy Cattle","volume":"94","author":"Nocek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0061","article-title":"Influence of Feeding Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Yeast Cell Wall on Growth Performance and Digestive Function of Feedlot Cattle during Periods of Elevated Ambient Temperature","volume":"28","author":"Arzola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-023-03009-0","article-title":"Whole-Cell Postbiotics: An Innovative Approach for Extending the Shelf Life and Controlling Major Foodborne Pathogens in Chicken Breast Fillets","volume":"16","author":"Karatepe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, K.D., Ahmed, S., San Valentin, E., Di Martino, L., McCormick, T.S., and Ghannoum, M.A. (2024). Immunomodulatory Properties of Multi-Strain Postbiotics on Human CD14+ Monocytes. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121673"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e1n-Aldu\u00e1n, M., Salvador-Erro, J., Villegas-Rem\u00edrez, A., Garc\u00eda-Yoldi, D., Ceniceros, A., Pastor, Y., and Gamazo, C. (2025). Yeast Strains as Probiotic and Postbiotic Agents for the Agglutination of Enteric Pathogens: A Preventive Approach. Pathogens, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020113"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(75)90189-X","article-title":"Inactivation and Mutation of Yeast Cells by Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"33","author":"Thacker","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652004000400006","article-title":"Inactivation of Yeast Inorganic Pyrophosphatase by Organic Solvents","volume":"76","year":"2004","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.005","article-title":"Influence of Type of Microorganism, Food Ingredients and Food Properties on High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Inactivation of Microorganisms","volume":"129","author":"Geeraerd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fnutr.2025.100024","article-title":"Comprehensive Insights into Postbiotics: Bridging the Gap to Real-World Application","volume":"1","author":"Meena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prajapati, N., Patel, J., Singh, S., Yadav, V.K., Joshi, C., Patani, A., Prajapati, D., Sahoo, D.K., and Patel, A. (2023). Postbiotic Production: Harnessing the Power of Microbial Metabolites for Health Applications. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1306192"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148000","article-title":"The Isolation, Bioactivity, and Role of \u03b2-Glucans in Health: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Dhahri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901071","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201901071","article-title":"\u0392-1,3\/1,6-Glucans and Immunity: State of the Art and Future Directions","volume":"65","author":"Calder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.003","article-title":"Pattern Recognition: Recent Insights from Dectin-1","volume":"21","author":"Reid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"122","article-title":"Potential Benefit of \u03b2-Glucans as Adjuvant Therapy in Immuno-Oncology: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Cognigni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Explor. Target. Anti-Tumor Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, F., Ahmad, S., Srivastav, A.K., Upadhyay, T.K., Husain, A., Khubaib, M., Kang, S., Park, M.N., Kim, B., and Sharma, R. (2024). \u03b2-Glucan Signalling Stimulates NOX-2 Dependent Autophagy and LC-3 Associated Autophagy (LAP) Pathway. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 282.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136520"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.04.044","article-title":"The Linear Structure of \u03b2-Glucan from Baker\u2019s Yeast and Its Activation of Macrophage-like RAW264.7 Cells","volume":"148","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, X., Wang, G., Li, F., Fang, S., Zhou, S., Ishiwata, A., Tonevitsky, A.G., Shkurnikov, M., Cai, H., and Ding, F. (2023). Immunomodulatory Effect and Biological Significance of \u03b2-Glucans. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15061615"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2018.05.023","article-title":"Fungal Mediated Innate Immune Memory, What Have We Learned?","volume":"89","author":"Quintin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R.P., and Bhardwaj, A. (2023). \u03b2-Glucans: A Potential Source for Maintaining Gut Microbiota and the Immune System. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1143682"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1159\/000533873","article-title":"Selected \u03b2-Glucans Act as Immune-Training Agents by Improving Anti-Mycobacterial Activity in Human Macrophages: A Pilot Study","volume":"15","author":"Braian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00080-11","article-title":"Varying Effects of Different \u03b2-Glucans on the Maturation of Porcine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells","volume":"18","author":"Sonck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2017.09.003","article-title":"In Vitro Immunostimulatory Potential of Fungal \u03b2-Glucans in Pacific Red Snapper (Lutjanus peru) Cells","volume":"77","author":"Angulo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"283","article-title":"\u03b2-Glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Involved in Immunostimulation of Ovine Ruminal Explants","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chraniuk, P., and Bzducha-Wr\u00f3bel, A. (2025). Functional Properties of Yeast Mannoproteins\u2014Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Fermentation, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation11070374"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2021.100067","article-title":"Fungal Cell Wall Components Modulate Our Immune System","volume":"7","author":"Briard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Surf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2025.130779","article-title":"Mannose Glycans as Key Players in Trained Immunity: A Novel Anti-Tumoral Catalyst","volume":"1869","author":"Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta\u2014Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusek, P., Wala, M., Druszczy\u0144ska, M., and Fol, M. (2018). Infectious Agents as Stimuli of Trained Innate Immunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020456"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19044433","article-title":"The Effect of Chitin Size, Shape, Source and Purification Method on Immune Recognition","volume":"19","author":"Alvarez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2012.06.005","article-title":"Protective Effect of Chitin Oligosaccharides against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in BV-2 Microglia","volume":"277","author":"Vo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22874","article-title":"Chitin Microparticles for the Control of Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Nagatani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.05.017","article-title":"Effects of Essential Oils on Economically Important Characteristics of Ruminant Species: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"16","author":"Wells","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nehme, R., Andr\u00e9s, S., Pereira, R.B., Ben Jemaa, M., Bouhallab, S., Ceciliani, F., L\u00f3pez, S., Rahali, F.Z., Ksouri, R., and Pereira, D.M. (2021). Essential Oils in Livestock: From Health to Food Quality. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020330"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"70","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of the Binding Capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc47 to Adhere to the Wall of Salmonella spp.","volume":"47","author":"Jimenez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10117-y","article-title":"Assessing the Potential Biological Activities of Postbiotics Derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: An In Vitro Study","volume":"16","author":"Hosseini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27896","article-title":"Yeast Cell Wall Mannan Structural Features, Biological Activities, and Production Strategies","volume":"10","author":"Baek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516004116","article-title":"Dietary Live Yeast and Mannan-Oligosaccharide Supplementation Attenuate Intestinal Inflammation and Barrier Dysfunction Induced by Escherichia coli in Broilers","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agazzi, A., Perricone, V., Omodei Zorini, F., Sandrini, S., Mariani, E., Jiang, X.-R., Ferrari, A., Crestani, M., Nguyen, T.X., and Bontempo, V. (2020). Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides Modulate Gut Inflammatory Response and Improve Duodenal Villi Height in Post-Weaning Piglets Improving Feed Efficiency. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081283"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Wu, J., Kang, Y., Chen, D., Chen, G., Zeng, X., and Wang, J. (2022). Yeast Mannoproteins Are Expected to Be a Novel Potential Functional Food for Attenuation of Obesity and Modulation of Gut Microbiota. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1019344"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2019.4407","article-title":"Effects of Bread Yeast Cell Wall Beta-Glucans on Mice with Loperamide-Induced Constipation","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113000165","article-title":"Analysis of Bacterial Community Shifts in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs Fed Diets Supplemented with \u03b2-Glucan from Laminaria Digitata, Laminaria Hyperborea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"7","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duysburgh, C., Miclotte, L., Green, J.B., Watts, K.T., Sardi, M.I., Chakrabarti, A., Khafipour, E., and Marzorati, M. (2024). Saccharomyces cerevisiae Derived Postbiotic Alters Gut Microbiome Metabolism in the Human Distal Colon Resulting in Immunomodulatory Potential in Vitro. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1358456"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-024-03881-9","article-title":"In Vitro Probiotic Characterization of Yeasts with Their Postbiotics\u2019 Antioxidant Activity and Biofilm Inhibition Capacity","volume":"81","author":"Aktepe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.03.004","article-title":"Unlocking the Power of Postbiotics: A Revolutionary Approach to Nutrition for Humans and Animals","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pi, X., Yu, Z., Yang, X., Du, Z., and Liu, W. (2022). Effects of Zymosan on Short-Chain Fatty Acid and Gas Production in in Vitro Fermentation Models of the Human Intestinal Microbiota. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.921137"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8998","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO01705F","article-title":"Emerging Mycotoxins and Preventive Strategies Related to Gut Microbiota Changes: Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Manyes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2024.100247","article-title":"Postbiotics, a Natural Feed Additive for Growth Performance, Gut Microbiota and Quality of Poultry Products","volume":"8","author":"Urban","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"txae137","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txae137","article-title":"Sow Reproductive and Progeny Growth Performance When Fed Pichia guilliermondii Yeast Postbiotic: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Oguey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2025.110934","article-title":"Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation-Derived Postbiotics Supplementation in Sows and Piglets\u2019 Diet on Intestinal Morphology, and Intestinal Barrier Function in Weaned Pigs in an Intensive Pig Production System","volume":"283","author":"Hung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scollo, A., Borello, I., Ghilardi, M., and Cavagnini, A. (2023). The Administration of Inactivated and Stabilized Whole-Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Gestating Sows Improves Lactation Efficiency and Post-Weaning Antimicrobial Use. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10090576"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skad201","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad201","article-title":"Effects of Yeast-Derived Postbiotic Supplementation in Late Gestation and Lactation Diets on Performance, Milk Quality, and Immune Function in Lactating Sows","volume":"101","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, J., Jia, X., Liu, Y., Jiang, X., Che, L., Lin, Y., Zhuo, Y., Feng, B., Fang, Z., and Li, J. (2024). Microbial Mechanistic Insight into the Role of Yeast\u2212Derived Postbiotics in Improving Sow Reproductive Performance in Late Gestation and Lactation Sows. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010162"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-017-0299-7","article-title":"Post Weaning Diarrhea in Pigs: Risk Factors and Non-Colistin-Based Control Strategies","volume":"59","author":"Rhouma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skae007","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae007","article-title":"Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Postbiotics and Essential Oil on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Weanling Pigs During K88 ETEC Infection","volume":"102","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03695A","article-title":"Postbiotics from Pichia kudriavzevii Promote Intestinal Health Performance through Regulation of Limosilactobacillus reuteri in Weaned Piglets","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papatsiros, V.G., Papakonstantinou, G.I., Voulgarakis, N., Eliopoulos, C., Marouda, C., Meletis, E., Valasi, I., Kostoulas, P., Arapoglou, D., and Riahi, I. (2024). Effects of a Curcumin\/Silymarin\/Yeast-Based Mycotoxin Detoxifier on Redox Status and Growth Performance of Weaned Piglets under Field Conditions. Toxins, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16040168"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fathima, S., Hakeem, W.G.A., Shanmugasundaram, R., and Selvaraj, R.K. (2022). Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Review on the Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Prevention. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101958"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104663","article-title":"Coccidiosis in Poultry: Disease Mechanisms, Control Strategies, and Future Directions","volume":"104","author":"Mathis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soutter, F., Werling, D., Tomley, F.M., and Blake, D.P. (2020). Poultry Coccidiosis: Design and Interpretation of Vaccine Studies. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00101"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamichhane, B., Mawad, A.M.M., Saleh, M., Kelley, W.G., Harrington, P.J., Lovestad, C.W., Amezcua, J., Sarhan, M.M., El Zowalaty, M.E., and Ramadan, H. (2024). Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010076"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricke, S.C., Wythe, L.A., Olson, E.G., and Scheaffer, A. (2023). Prospects for Prebiotic and Postbiotic Applications in Poultry. Direct-Fed Microbials and Prebiotics for Animals, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40512-9_6"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salami, S.A., Taylor-Pickard, J., Ross, S.A., and Moran, C.A. (2024). A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Yeast Mannan-Rich Fraction on Broiler Performance and the Implication for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Chicken Production. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111595"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soren, S., Mandal, G.P., Mondal, S., Pradhan, S., Mukherjee, J., Banerjee, D., Pakhira, M.C., Mondal, A., and Nsereko, V. (2024). Efficacy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product and Probiotic Supplementation on Growth Performance, Gut Microflora and Immunity of Broiler Chickens. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202401.0277.v1"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roque, F., Lopes, M.H.S., Raffi, P., Oliveira, R., Caparroz, M., Longhini, G., Granghelli, C., Faria, D., Araujo, L., and Araujo, C. (2025). Postbiotics: An Alternative for Improving Health and Performance of Poultry Production. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071472"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104420","article-title":"Impact of Early Postbiotic Supplementation on Broilers\u2019 Responses to Subclinical Necrotic Enteritis","volume":"103","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaney, W.E., McBride, H., and Girgis, G. (2023). Effect of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Postbiotic Feed Additive on Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization of Cecal and Ovarian Tissues in Directly Challenged and Horizontally Exposed Layer Pullets. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071186"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/poultry3010006","article-title":"Evaluating the Effects of Feeding a Concentrated Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product on the Performance and Stress Susceptibility of Broiler Chickens","volume":"3","author":"Heinsohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poultry"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2014.15.1.1","article-title":"An Overview of Calf Diarrhea\u2014Infectious Etiology, Diagnosis, and Intervention","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07116-9","article-title":"Small Ruminants and Zoonotic Cryptosporidiosis","volume":"120","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0447-0","article-title":"Bovine Cryptosporidiosis: Impact, Host-Parasite Interaction and Control Strategies","volume":"48","author":"Thomson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delling, C., and Daugschies, A. (2022). Literature Review: Coinfection in Young Ruminant Livestock\u2014Cryptosporidium spp. and Its Companions. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010103"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2025.106543","article-title":"Antimicrobial Drugs Used in the Prevention and Control of Protozoal and Bacterial Calf Diarrhea: A Scoping Review","volume":"241","author":"Fausak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.04.029","article-title":"Dairy Cow Health and Management in the Transition Period: The Need to Understand the Human Dimension","volume":"137","author":"Redfern","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tufarelli, V., Puva\u010da, N., Glamo\u010di\u0107, D., Pugliese, G., and Colonna, M.A. (2024). The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050816"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20649","article-title":"Invited Review: Risk Factors for Transition Period Disease in Intensive Grazing and Housed Dairy Cattle","volume":"105","author":"Daros","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente, F., Campo-Celada, M., Men\u00e9ndez-Miranda, M., Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, J., and Mart\u00ednez-Fern\u00e1ndez, A. (2024). Effect of Postbiotic Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility and Milk Yield during the Transition Period in Dairy Cows. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.0736.v1"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10584","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24435","article-title":"Effects of Postbiotic Products from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation on Lactation Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Blood Immunity in Transition Dairy Cows","volume":"107","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skac370","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac370","article-title":"Postbiotic Yeast Fermentation Product Supplementation to Lactating Goats Increases the Efficiency of Milk Production by Enhancing Fiber Digestibility and Ruminal Propionate, and Reduces Energy Losses in Methane","volume":"101","author":"Romero","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christodoulou, C., Skourtis, A., Kyriakaki, P., Satolias, F.F., Karabinas, D., Briche, M., Salah, N., Zervas, G., Mavrommatis, A., and Tsiplakou, E. (2023). The Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Probiotic and Postbiotic Yeast Products on Ewes Milk Performance and Immune Oxidative Status. J. Fungi, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9121139"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1153","article-title":"Influence of Weaning Method on Health Status and Rumen Development in Dairy Calves","volume":"92","author":"Roth","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meale, S.J., Li, S., Azevedo, P., Derakhshani, H., Plaizier, J.C., Khafipour, E., and Steele, M.A. (2016). Development of Ruminal and Fecal Microbiomes Are Affected by Weaning But Not Weaning Strategy in Dairy Calves. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00582"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sfulcini, M., Lopreiato, V., Piccioli-Cappelli, F., Patrone, V., Bisaschi, M., Yoon, I., Zontini, A.M., Barbato, M., Cattaneo, L., and Archetti, I. (2025). Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation-Derived Postbiotics Supplementation to Dairy Calves: Effects on Growth, Metabolism, Immune Status and Preliminary First Lactation Outcomes. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15182728"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chae, J.-B., Schoofs, A.D., and McGill, J.L. (2024). Beneficial Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Postbiotic Products on Calf and Cow Health and Plausible Mechanisms of Action. Front. Anim. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2024.1491970"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Han, L., Liu, J., Kang, L., Zhao, L., and Cui, K. (2023). Yeast Peptides Improve the Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviate Weaning Stress by Changing the Intestinal Microflora Structure of Weaned Lambs. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102472"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, E.A.H., Kov\u00e1cs, B., Kuunya, R., Mustafa, E.O.A., Abbo, A.S.H., and P\u00e1l, K. (2025). Antibiotic Resistance in Aquaculture: Challenges, Trends Analysis, and Alternative Approaches. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060598"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.15-28","article-title":"Emerging Challenges in Aquaculture: Current Perspectives and Human Health Implications","volume":"18","author":"Ruben","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167942","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture: Occurrence and Strategies in Southeast Asia","volume":"907","author":"Suyamud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.05.002","article-title":"Biological Approaches for Disease Control in Aquaculture: Advantages, Limitations and Challenges","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirep.2025.200264","article-title":"Positive Effects of Dietary Postbiotics on Growth, Intestinal Health, Immunity, and Ammonia Nitrogen Tolerance in Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus \u2640 \u00d7 Epinephelus lanceolatus \u2642)","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110484","article-title":"Immune Response and Resistance against Vibrio Parahaemolyticus in Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by Dietary Supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation-Derived Postbiotic (SCFP)","volume":"165","author":"Thuy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09556-0","article-title":"Impacts of Dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Derived Postbiotic on Growth Performance and Health Status of Pacific White Shrimp","volume":"15","author":"Prabu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739543","article-title":"\u2018Biotic\u2019 Potential of the Red Yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Strain JM-01 on the Growth, Shell Pigmentation, and Immune Defense Attributes of the Shrimp, Penaeus vannamei","volume":"572","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14008","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.14008","article-title":"Assessment of Dietary Yeast-based Additives for Cultured Catfish and Tilapia Health","volume":"47","author":"Cacot","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndambuki, M.N., Ogweny, V., Maina, J., Karanja, D., Njeru, N., Muthoka, M., Mohan, C., and Tavornpanich, S. (2025). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Postbiotics on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Nile Tilapia Fingerlings. East African J. Sci. Technol. Innov., 7.","DOI":"10.37425\/ygz6nj77"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Divsalar, E., \u0130ncili, G.K., Shi, C., Semsari, E., Hosseini, S.H., Ebrahimi Tirtashi, F., Toker, O.S., Mojgani, N., Liu, S.-Q., and Moradi, M. (2025). Challenges with the Use of Postbiotics\/Parabiotics in Food Industry. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1155\u20131171.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2025.2541047"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2025.105130","article-title":"Commercial and Regulatory Frameworks for Postbiotics: An Industry-Oriented Scientific Perspective for Non-Viable Microbial Ingredients Conferring Beneficial Physiological Effects","volume":"163","author":"Guglielmetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Vinderola, G. (2026, February 28). Postbiotics: A Global Perspective on Regulatory Progress. Available online: https:\/\/isappscience.org\/postbiotics-a-global-perspective-on-regulatory-progress\/."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, E., De Paepe, K., and Van de Wiele, T. (2022). Postbiotics and Their Health Modulatory Biomolecules. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111640"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Green, K.M., and Rawat, M. (2024). A Comprehensive Overview of Postbiotics with a Special Focus on Discovery Techniques and Clinical Applications. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13182937"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudnyckyj, S., and Thomsen, M.H. (2025). Probiotics and Postbiotics Derived from Saline\/Marine Plant-Based Feedstocks. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins, 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10617-z"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425838","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2024.2425838","article-title":"Postbiotics and Parabiotics Derived from Bacteria and Yeast: Current Trends and Future Perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Franco","year":"2024","journal-title":"CyTA\u2014J. Food"},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"180","article-title":"Postbiotics as the Key Mediators of the Gut Microbiota-Host Interactions","volume":"30","author":"Ozma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, M., Joung, M., Park, J.-H., Ha, S.K., and Park, H.-Y. (2022). Role of Postbiotics in Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183701"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pattapulavar, V., Ramanujam, S., Kini, B., and Christopher, J.G. (2025). Probiotic-Derived Postbiotics: A Perspective on next-Generation Therapeutics. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1624539"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, S., Patel, B., Kumar, P., and Lall, R. (2025). Postbiotics: Multifunctional Microbial Products Transforming Animal Health and Performance. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12121191"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-025-01612-w","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Benefits of Dietary Yeast Cell Wall Supplementation on the Growth Performance and Stress Resilience of the European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","volume":"51","author":"Houdelet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00448-z","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Yeast Cell Wall Extracts on Performance and Gut Response in Broiler Chickens","volume":"11","author":"Pascual","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-023-00234-y","article-title":"Effects of Feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Postbiotic on the Fecal Microbial Community of Holstein Dairy Calves","volume":"5","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70399-2","article-title":"Efficacy of Saccharomyces Yeast Postbiotics on Cell Turnover, Immune Responses, and Oxidative Stress in the Jejunal Mucosa of Young Pigs","volume":"14","author":"Duarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, Y., Zhang, H., Wen, H., Wan, H., Wu, H., Chen, Y., Li, S., Zhang, L., Sun, X., and Li, B. (2022). Yeast Probiotic and Yeast Products in Enhancing Livestock Feeds Utilization and Performance: An Overview. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8111191"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116869","article-title":"Postbiotics versus Probiotics: Possible New Allies for Human Health","volume":"217","author":"Calvanese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"249","article-title":"The Future of Metabolic Health: The Role of Probiotics, Postbiotics, and AIdriven Metabolic Modeling","volume":"9","author":"Bruce","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insights Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Urso, F., and Broccolo, F. (2024). Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Microbiome Analysis and Probiotic Interventions\u2014An Overview and Perspective Based on the Current State of the Art. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14198627"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"24","article-title":"Innovations in Livestock Nutrition: Precision Feeding, Microbiome Modulation, and Sustainable Resources for Future Productivity a Review","volume":"9","author":"Alem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghamohammad, S., Sakaki, F., Haghighatshenas, Z., Khiavi, E.H.A.G., Badmasti, F., and Rohani, M. (2025). Novel Antimicrobial Strategy: Native Postbiotics Synergize with Antibiotics to Overcome Resistance in Klebsiella Pneumoniae. BMC Microbiol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04474-7"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaprak \u00c7olak, E., and Duran, N. (2025). Synergistic Antibacterial Effects of Postbiotics Combined with Linezolid and Amikacin against Nosocomial Pathogens. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1616501"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.003","article-title":"Microbial Exopolysaccharides\u2013\u03b2-Glucans\u2013as Promising Postbiotic Candidates in Vaccine Adjuvants","volume":"223","author":"Abbasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akatsu, H. (2021). Exploring the Effect of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics in Strengthening Immune Activity in the Elderly. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020136"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.01.001","article-title":"Influence of Biotic Interventions on the Immune Response to Vaccines in Young and Older Adults","volume":"42","author":"Spacova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/3\/287\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:43:32Z","timestamp":1773913412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/3\/287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13030287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13030287","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]}}}