{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T05:58:59Z","timestamp":1774159139400,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation, and University","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GR24210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR24210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallbladder disease is a common cause of morbidity in dogs, and cholecystectomy remains the definitive treatment in many cases. Although minimally invasive approaches offer recognized advantages, their adoption is limited by technical complexity and by the physiological effects of carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) pneumoperitoneum. This cadaveric study evaluated the feasibility of performing primarily gasless robot-assisted cholecystectomy under abdominal wall suspension in five canine cadavers. A normobaric operative field was established using a suspension device combined with the VersiusTM robotic platform. \u201cPrimarily gasless\u201d was operationally defined as abdominal wall suspension without continuous pneumoperitoneum, allowing short-duration low-pressure CO\u2082 insufflation (\u22648 mmHg) exclusively as a rescue maneuver when exposure was insufficient. Surgical feasibility was assessed through structured case-level reporting, including docking time, operative time, exposure quality of the hepatocystic triangle (predefined ordinal scale), clipping feasibility, intraoperative events, instrument exchanges, and need for rescue CO\u2082 insufflation. All procedures were completed in the cadaveric specimens. In three cadavers, the procedure was performed entirely without CO\u2082. In two cadavers, a single short-duration low-pressure CO\u2082 insufflation (6\u20138 mmHg for 3\u20135 minutes) was applied as a rescue maneuver. Adequate or optimal visualization of the hepatocystic triangle was achieved in all cases, and no intraoperative injuries occurred. These findings support the technical feasibility of a primarily gasless robotic approach in a canine cadaveric model. Controlled in vivo studies are required to evaluate the physiological impact, perioperative outcomes, and translational applicability before clinical implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13030292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:44:41Z","timestamp":1773999881000},"page":"292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Primarily Gasless Robot-Assisted Cholecystectomy in Dogs: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2138-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco M.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Margallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Direction, Jes\u00fas Us\u00f3n Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, 10171 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9252-8512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio Veloso","family":"Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinics (DCPA), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil;\u00a0<email>mauriciovelosobrun@hotmail.com<\/email>"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0100-2695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan A.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Margallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering and Health Technologies Unit, Jes\u00fas Us\u00f3n Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, 10171 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14898","article-title":"Gallbladder Mucocele: Variables Associated with Outcome and the Utility of Ultrasonography to Identify Gallbladder Rupture in 219 Dogs (2007\u20132016)","volume":"32","author":"Jaffey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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