{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T01:48:20Z","timestamp":1784598500648,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Limited availability of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) for small ruminants is a long-standing challenge. This mixed-methods study provides the first systematic definition and assessment of (i) shortages, (ii) lack of availability and (iii) unmet needs for sheep and goats across Europe. Survey data from 96 European veterinarians in 13 European countries (the majority of whom were from Spain, Germany, France, and Greece), a market analysis of authorized and available VMPs via the EMA Union Products Database (UPD) and expert knowledge elicitation (EKE) by 23 specialists were combined. Antimicrobials (36.7%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (19.9%) were identified as the VMP categories most commonly perceived as critically important. Although nearly 5000 VMPs are authorized for small ruminants at the EU level, UPD market research reveals that there is a reported market availability of 28.9% of ovine and 32.7% of caprine authorized VMPs. Validation by EKE confirmed lack of VMP authorization to be the leading root cause of the lack of availability of ovine (31%) and caprine (43%) VMPs at both the national and EU level. The European Veterinary Medicines Gaps and Needs Compass identifies four highest-priority medicine groups lacking in availability for sheep (anthelmintics and endectocides, bacterial and viral vaccines) and two for goats (anthelmintics and bacterial vaccines). Moreover, 13 highest-priority unmet needs were identified for sheep and 14 for goats across antibacterials, analgetics and anti-inflammatories, antiparasitics and vaccines. Potential actionable solutions advised through EKE include harmonized market access pathways and targeted development (especially for vaccines, NSAIDs, and antibiotic teat injectors) to secure animal health, welfare, and One Health objectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13030297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1774259322000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of the European Veterinary Medicines Gaps and Needs Compass for Sheep and Goats Based on Online Survey and Expert Knowledge Elicitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"\u010cudina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Mari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, Rue Victor Oudart 7, 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, Rue Victor Oudart 7, 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margot","family":"Vidalinc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, Rue Victor Oudart 7, 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Katrine","family":"Aagaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kv\u00e6gdyrl\u00e6gerne Midt ApS, Klintevej 3B, 8653 Them, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Balado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diputaci\u00f3n de Castell\u00f3n, Ares del Maestre, 12165 Castell\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Brati\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1589-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Ganter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3354-3886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan H\u00e4gg","family":"Gr\u00f8nborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Distriktsveterin\u00e4rerna, Jordbruksverket, 551 82 J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3695-1794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan H\u00fcseyin","family":"\u015eeny\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Necmettin Erbakan, 42310 Konya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3823-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Spezzigu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embryosardegna, Tecnologia, Riproduzione e Fertilit\u00e0, 07034 Perfugas, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4808-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Pazarakioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Phythian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AkoVet Ltd., Palmerston North 4440, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rianne van","family":"Helden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ovivet Schapenpraktijk, 5476 VW Vorstenbosch, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8443-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis D.","family":"Katsoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0580-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Anad\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2170-9062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laure","family":"Baduel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire de l\u2019Alimentation, de l\u2019Environnement et du Travail, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flore","family":"Demay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire de l\u2019Alimentation, de l\u2019Environnement et du Travail, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rens van","family":"Dobbenburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiteit Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shereene","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brooke, Friars Bridge Court, 41-45 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8NZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janos","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Medicines Agency, Veterinary Medicines Division, Domenico Scarlattilaan 6, 1083 HS Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3514-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jobke van","family":"Hout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0651-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frane","family":"Bo\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2348-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"De Briyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, Rue Victor Oudart 7, 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9639-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiebke","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, Rue Victor Oudart 7, 1030 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO) (2026, February 10). One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022\u20132026): Working Together for the Health of Humans, Animals, Plants and the Environment. Available online: https:\/\/www.Who.Int\/Publications\/i\/Item\/9789240059139."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (2026, February 10). Animal Health: A Multifaceted Challenges. Available online: https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/546120546\/ANIMAL-HEALTH-EN-FINAL."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"European Commission (2026, February 10). Vulnerabilities of the Global Supply Chains of Medicines\u2014Structured Dialogue on the Security of Medicines Supply. Available online: https:\/\/Health.Ec.Europa.Eu\/Latest-Updates\/Staff-Working-Document-Vulnerabilities-Global-Supply-Chains-Medicines-Structured-Dialogue-Security-2022-10-17_en."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2026, February 10). Coordination and Harmonization of the Existing Systems Against Shortages of Medicines\u2014European Network (CHESSMEN). Analysis Report on Root-Causes. Available online: https:\/\/www.ja-chessmen.eu\/files\/upload\/ficheiros\/analysis-report-on-root-causes-d5-3.pdf?20250612093155."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.e4593","article-title":"Control of off-label use of medicines","volume":"171","author":"Whitehead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"455","article-title":"Mogu\u0107nost primjene neodobrenih veterinarsko-medicinskih proizvoda (off-Label Use)","volume":"51","author":"Pehnec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Stn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2021.138731","article-title":"Off label use of human approved drugs in treatment of dogs in the Republic of Serbia","volume":"24","author":"Tomanic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE) (2026, February 10). Short Survey on Medicines\/Vaccine Shortages. Available online: https:\/\/www.tieraerzteverband.de\/bpt\/aktuelles\/meldungen\/Dokumente\/2022_11_08_FVE-Umfrage-TAM-Lieferengpaesse.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s188","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118002215","article-title":"Review: Domestic herbivores and food security: Current contribution, trends and challenges for a sustainable development","volume":"12","author":"Mottet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2026, February 10). Protecting People and Animals from Disease Threats. Available online: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/9e1b3dfd-6a6a-4ecc-a2fc-7098e420b3cc\/content."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e812","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00147-4","article-title":"Disease control tools to secure animal and public health in a densely populated world","volume":"6","author":"Charlier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008564","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008564","article-title":"The quality of veterinary medicines and their implications for One Health","volume":"7","author":"Vidhamaly","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61678-X","article-title":"Ecology of zoonoses: Natural and unnatural histories","volume":"380","author":"Karesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"FishMedPlus Coalition (2026, February 10). Fish Diseases Lacking Treatment. Gap Analysis Outcome. Available online: https:\/\/fve.org\/publications\/fishmedplus\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"R\u00e9seau Fran\u00e7ais Pour la Sant\u00e9 Animale (RFSA) (2026, February 10). Cartography of Therapeutic Gaps in France. Available online: https:\/\/www.Reseau-Francais-Sante-Animale.Net\/Le-Rfsa\/Cartographie-Des-Gaps-Therapeutiques\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4267\/2042\/54190","article-title":"Disponibilit\u00e9 du m\u00e9dicament v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire: R\u00e9alit\u00e9, enjeux et perspectives","volume":"167","author":"Fortineau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. L\u2019acad. V\u00e9t. Fr."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"European Parliament and European Council (2026, February 10). Regulation (EU) 2019\/6 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on Veterinary Medicinal Products and Repealing Directive 2001\/82\/EC. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:02019R0006-20220128."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5965\/223811712312024153","article-title":"The veterinary medicinal products market supply gap: A practical insight based on the Regulation (EU) 2019\/6","volume":"23","author":"Nogueira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Ci\u00eanc. Agrovet."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Critical Medicines Alliance (2026, February 10). Strategic Report of The Critical Medicines Alliance. Available online: https:\/\/health.ec.europa.eu\/document\/download\/3da9dfc0-c5e0-4583-a0f1-1652c7c18c3c_en?filename=hera_cma_strat-report_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE) (2026, February 10). Veterinary Medical Product and Pharmacovigilance Database\u2014FVE Input. Available online: https:\/\/Fve.Org\/Publications\/Veterinary-Medical-Product-and-Pharmacovigilance-Database-Fve-Input\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Heads of Medicines Agencies (HMA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2026, February 10). EMA Guidance on Detection and Notification of Shortages of Medicinal Products for Marketing Authorisation Holders (MAHs) in the Union (EEA). Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/regulatory-procedural-guideline\/guidance-detection-and-notification-shortages-medicinal-products-marketing-authorisation-holders-mahs-union-eea_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Heads of Medicines Agencies (HMA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2026, February 10). Good Practice Guidance for Communication to the Public on Medicines\u2019 Availability Issues. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/regulatory-procedural-guideline\/good-practice-guidance-communication-public-medicines-availability-issues_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2026, February 10). The European Regulatory System for Medicines. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/leaflet\/european-regulatory-system-medicines_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2026, February 10). Seizing Opportunities in a Changing Medicines Landscape\u2014The European Medicines Agencies Network Strategy 2028. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/other\/seizing-opportunities-changing-medicines-landscape-european-medicines-agencies-network-strategy-2028-final_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"World Veterinary Association (WVA) (2026, February 10). Essential Veterinary Medicines List for Food-Producing Animals. Available online: https:\/\/worldvet.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/EVML-print-version_22032024.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"The World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) (2026, February 10). List of Essential Medicines for Cats and Dogs. Available online: https:\/\/wsava.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/2023-essential-medicines-for-cats-and-dogs.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (2026, February 10). List of Antimicrobial Agents of Veterinary Importance. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2021\/06\/202501-en-woah-trd-list.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS) (2026, February 10). Availability of Antimicrobial Medicinal Products and Alternatives to Their Use. Available online: https:\/\/www.resistenciaantibioticos.es\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-09\/Availability_of_antimicrobial_medicinal_products_and_alternatives_to_their_use.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"European Commission (2026, February 10). Commission Notice. Guidance to Applicants\u2014Veterinary Medicinal Products. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52024XC01443."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"European Commission (2026, February 10). Sheepmeat and Goatmeat Detailed Information on Imports, Trade, Market Measures, Legal Bases, Market Monitoring and Committees for Sheepmeat and Goatmeat. Available online: https:\/\/Agriculture.Ec.Europa.Eu\/Farming\/Animal-Products\/Sheepmeat-and-Goatmeat_en#:~:text=Documents-,Overview,A%20loss%20of%20consumer%20confidence."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Vinci, C. (2026, February 10). The EU Dairy Sector Main Features, Challenges and Prospects. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/EPRS_BRI(2018)630345."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Rossi, R. (2026, February 10). The Sheep and Goat Sector in the EU Main Features, Challenges and Prospects. European Parliamentary Research Service. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/EPRS_BRI(2017)608663."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Rossi, R. (2026, February 10). The Future of the EU\u2019s Sheep and Goat Sector. European Parliamentary Research Service. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/EPRS_ATA(2018)620242."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries Associations (EFPIA) (2026, February 10). Addressing the Root Causes of Medicines Shortages. Supply Chain Stakeholders\u2019 Views on Root Causes and Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/www.Efpia.Eu\/Media\/413378\/Addressing-the-Root-Causes-of-Medicines-Shortages-Final-051219.Pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2026, February 10). The EU Implementation Guide (Vet EU IG) on Veterinary Medicines Product Data in the Union Product Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/regulatory-procedural-guideline\/eu-implementation-guide-ig-veterinary-medicines-product-data-union-product-database-chapter-2-format-electronic-submission-veterinary-medicinal-product-information_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for teporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"Altman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6.3.e34","article-title":"Improving the quality of Web surveys: The checklist for reporting results of Internet E-surveys (CHERRIES)","volume":"6","author":"Eysenbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"R\u00e8glementation du m\u00e9dicament v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire: Quel impact sur l\u2019arsenal yh\u00e9rapeutique \u00e0 la disposition du praticien, en termes de disponibilit\u00e9 et d\u2019innovation?","volume":"177","author":"Baduel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. De L\u2019acad\u00e9mie V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire De Fr."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (2026, February 10). Priority Animal Diseases Sheets. Animal Health Pedagogical Toolkit. Available online: https:\/\/rr-africa.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2022\/04\/animal-health-educational-toolkit_priority-animal-diseases-sheets.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2026, February 10). Categorisation of Antibiotics in the European Union. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/report\/categorisation-antibiotics-european-union-answer-request-european-commission-updating-scientific-advice-impact-public-health-animal-health-use-antibiotics-animals_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1002\/vro2.75","article-title":"Improving analgesia provision for sheep: An analysis of farm medicine records and attitudes towards pain relief on sheep farms in Northern Ireland","volume":"10","author":"Crawford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Open"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsekouras, N., Christodoulopoulos, M.A.B., Meletis, E., Kousoulis, C., Kostoulas, P., Pantazis, V., Papatsiros, V.G., Dimoveli, K., and Gougoulis, D. (2025). Associations between non-steroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, Welfare, and Milk Production in Dairy Sheep: A Multivariate Study. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202503.1548.v1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramawat, K.G., and M\u00e9rillon, J.-M. (2025). Pyrethrins and pyrethroids: Ectoparasiticide use in veterinary nedicine. Natural Products, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36202-6"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102982","article-title":"Widespread anthelmintic resistance in European farmed ruminants: A Systematic review","volume":"176","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (2026, February 10). Responsible and Prudent Use of Anthelmintic Chemicals to Help Control Anthelmintic Resistance in Grazing Livestock Species. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2021\/12\/oie-anthelmintics-prudent-and-responsible-use-final-v4-web-opt.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"33","article-title":"Preventive medicine in ruminants: I. Vaccination program","volume":"10","author":"Cantekin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Erciyes \u00dcniv. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Serhan Serhat, A.Y. (2017). Abortion Problems and reproductive vaccination programs in small ruminants. Turkiye Klinikleri J. Vet. Sci. Obs. Gynecol-Spec. Top., 3."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"European Commission (2026, February 10). Pharmaceutical Strategy for Europe. Available online: https:\/\/Health.Ec.Europa.Eu\/Medicinal-Products\/Pharmaceutical-Strategy-Europe_en."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anad\u00f3n, A., Mart\u00ednez-Larra\u00f1aga, M.R., Ares, I., and Martinez, M.A. (2025). Regulatory aspects for the Drugs and Chemicals Used in Food-Producing Animals in the European Union. Veterinary Toxicology Basic and Clinical Principles, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-29007-7.00003-0"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2026, February 12). Guidelines Resistance Management and Integrated Parasite Control in Ruminants. Available online: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/8efa816b-a7d5-4667-8c33-777fd35bc13b\/content."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/3\/297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:20:44Z","timestamp":1774261244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/3\/297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13030297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13030297","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]}}}