{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T11:00:59Z","timestamp":1775473259192,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":335,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder in dogs that shares several pathological and clinical features with human Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). In both species, \u03b2-amyloid (A\u03b2) accumulates within the brain parenchyma and cerebral vessel walls and is associated with synaptic loss, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to progressive cognitive decline. Increasing evidence indicates that impairment of brain clearance mechanisms, particularly the glymphatic system, represents a central pathogenic mechanism in both CCD and AD. The glymphatic system is a glia-dependent perivascular network involved in the clearance of A\u03b2 and other metabolic waste products from the brain. Its function declines with aging, vascular disease, and astrocytic alterations, including changes in aquaporin-4 distribution. Reduced glymphatic and periarterial drainage promotes the retention and aggregation of A\u03b2 and tau proteins. Compared with AD, tau pathology in CCD is generally less extensive, supporting the interpretation of CCD as an A\u03b2-predominant condition and a partial pathological analog of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Clinically, CCD is characterized by a constellation of behavioral changes including, disorientation, altered social interactions, sleep\u2013wake cycle disturbances, a loss of housetraining, changes in activity levels, and increased anxiety, commonly summarized by the DISHAA acronym. Overall, CCD represents a valuable spontaneous large-animal model for investigating neurodegenerative mechanisms and clearance-related therapeutic targets relevant to both veterinary and human medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13030298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1774259322000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Canine Cognitive Dysfunction and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Pathophysiological Relationships and the Impact of Glymphatic System Impairment on Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2761-1859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Dondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5160-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezio","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2344-331X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Borghetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Di Lecce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3873-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Gnudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7033-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Buffagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8729-3237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Ravanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Saleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attilio","family":"Corradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12109","article-title":"An Observational Study with Long-Term Follow-up of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: Clinical Characteristics, Survival, and Risk Factors","volume":"27","author":"Fast","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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