{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:39:45Z","timestamp":1792802385659,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["316097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Centro de Ense\u00f1anza, Investigaci\u00f3n y Extensi\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda Tropical"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhipicephalus microplus infestations are a major concern for cattle production in neotropical regions. Anti-tick vaccines represent a sustainable alternative to chemical acaricides; however, improving vaccine efficacy remains challenging. This study evaluated the protective efficacy of polypeptide-based formulations of pBm86 and pSubolesin administered as co-immunization or as a cocktail in naturally infested cattle. Twelve calves were assigned to three groups: G1: 100 \u03bcg pBm86 + 50 \u03bcg pSubolesin co-immunized; G2: same formulation in cocktail; and G3: control. The cocktail significantly reduced adult female tick numbers, oviposition, and larvae hatching (p &lt; 0.05), achieving a vaccine efficacy of 75%. In contrast, co-immunization achieved 50% efficacy. Vaccinated cattle developed significantly increased antigen-specific IgG levels against Subolesin than Bm86. IgG antibodies recognized native tick proteins by Western blot, and their efficacy was confirmed in vitro using blood-feeding assays. These results indicate that the cocktail formulation showed improved efficacy compared with co-immunization in this study, possibly by affecting complementary biological processes in ticks. Finally, this study supports the development of multi-antigen, polypeptide-based vaccines as a promising and sustainable approach for the control of R. microplus under natural field conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13030301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1774259322000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Combined Effect of Bm86 and Subolesin Polypeptide Vaccines in Cattle Naturally Infested with Rhipicephalus microplus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2984-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Mendoza-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Alonso-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ense\u00f1anza, Investigaci\u00f3n y Extensi\u00f3n en Ganader\u00eda Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Mart\u00ednez de La Torre, Mart\u00ednez de La Torre 93600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Octavio","family":"Merino-Charrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Km. 5, Carretera Victoria Mante, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5474-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Lagunes-Quintanilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad-INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagunes-Quintanilla, R., G\u00f3mez-Romero, N., Mendoza-Mart\u00ednez, N., Castro-Saines, E., Galv\u00e1n-Arellano, D., and Basurto-Alcantara, F.J. (2024). Perspectives on using integrated tick management to control Rhipicephalus microplus in a tropical region of Mexico. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1497840"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109506","article-title":"Rhipicephalus microplus seasonal dynamic in a Cerrado biome, Brazil: An update data considering the global warming","volume":"296","author":"Nicaretta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. 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