{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:50:38Z","timestamp":1774536638535,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","award":["82460835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82460835"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Talent and Platform Program\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/03whqdf70","award":["202405AF140031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202405AF140031"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Talent and Platform Program\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/03whqdf70","award":["202405AC350024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202405AC350024"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Education Department Scientific Research Fund\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/02yrxdp92","award":["2026J0851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026J0851"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rising prevalence of feline kidney diseases, effective preventive and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. This study evaluated the effects of Cybister chinensis extracts (CCME) and Periplaneta americana residue extracts (PAE) on inflammation-associated, oxidative stress-related, and fibrosis-related responses in Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells. Using MTT assays, flow cytometry, and qPCR, we assessed cytoprotection in models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-, and palmitic acid (PA)-induced injury. Preliminary HPLC fingerprint analysis of three batches of a combined extract from Periplaneta americana residues and Cybister chinensis Motschulsky (CPCE) revealed similar chromatographic profiles, indicating good batch-to-batch consistency. Within non-cytotoxic ranges, CPCE increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis in injured CRFK cells. Anti-inflammatory effects were evidenced by significant downregulation of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 mRNA. Potential antioxidant-related effects were suggested by decreased expression of oxidative stress\u2013responsive genes SOD1, CAT, and GSTP1. In the PA model, anti-fibrotic potential was supported by reduced TGFB1 expression, accompanied by improvements in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and by decreased levels of fibrosis-associated markers \u03b1-SMA, COL I, and HCB III. These findings suggest that CPCE exerts cytoprotective effects in vitro, potentially through modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13040317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:37:15Z","timestamp":1774532235000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective Effects Assessment of Combined Extracts from Periplaneta americana Residues and Cybister chinensis Motschulsky on Feline Renal Cells: In Vitro Evidence Related to Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Xiaguan Town, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Canhui","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Xiaguan Town, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Xiaguan Town, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Xiaguan Town, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Futing","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Xiaguan Town, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Xiaguan Town, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wangling","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Xiaguan Town, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5602-0268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihao","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Xiaguan Town, Dali 671000, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Entomoceutics, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2925-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhibin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, College of Pharmacy, Dali University, 22 Wanhua Road, Xiaguan Town, Dali 671000, China"},{"name":"National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Entomoceutics, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13375","article-title":"Additives in pet food: Are they safe?","volume":"62","author":"Craig","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ai, C., Akaichi, F., Glenk, K., Revoredo-Giha, C., and Costa-Font, M. (2025). What Drives Pet Food Choices? A Systematic Literature Review. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15223235"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13495234","article-title":"Feline CKD: Pathophysiology and risk factors\u2014What do we know?","volume":"15","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13511446","article-title":"Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies","volume":"16","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119069","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of Plantago asiatica L. and Lonicera japonica Thunb. extracts based on canine and feline kidney cell models","volume":"338","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815622975","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease in Aged Cats: Clinical Features, Morphology, and Proposed Pathogeneses","volume":"53","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.10.012","article-title":"Characterisation of Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells as mesenchymal in phenotype","volume":"127","author":"Lawson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18805862","article-title":"Profibrotic effects of angiotensin II and transforming growth factor beta on feline kidney epithelial cells","volume":"21","author":"Zimmering","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girolami, F., Candellone, A., Jarriyawattanachaikul, W., Meineri, G., Nebbia, C., and Badino, P. (2021). Protective Effect of Natural Antioxidant Compounds on Methimazole Induced Oxidative Stress in a Feline Kidney Epithelial Cell Line (CRFK). Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8100220"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13495241","article-title":"Feline CKD: Current therapies\u2014What is achievable?","volume":"15","author":"Korman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106181","article-title":"Insights into the gut-kidney axis and implications for chronic kidney disease management in cats and dogs","volume":"306","author":"Summers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2021.01.007","article-title":"Nutritional Management for Dogs and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"51","author":"Parker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102245","article-title":"Resistance to H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human cells of different phenotypes","volume":"50","author":"Zenin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01597-3","article-title":"The effects of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage in kidney diseases","volume":"29","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.01.002","article-title":"Oxidative stress: A concept in redox biology and medicine","volume":"25","author":"Sies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2020.158793","article-title":"Palmitate induces human glomerular mesangial cells fibrosis through CD36-mediated transient receptor potential canonical channel 6\/nuclear factor of activated T cell 2 activation","volume":"1865","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03092-7","article-title":"Palmitic acid is an intracellular signaling molecule involved in disease development","volume":"76","author":"Fatima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000487673","article-title":"Palmitic Acid-Induced Podocyte Apoptosis via the Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Mitochondrial Pathway","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14123","article-title":"Pharmaceutical preparations of Periplaneta americana (KangFuXin liquid) in the treatment of pressure ulcer: A meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16623","article-title":"Research advances on the restorative effect of Periplaneta americana extracts on mucosa","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Han, G., Luo, Z., Li, B., Liu, W., and Shen, C. (2022). Effects of Periplaneta americana extracts on the growth and proliferation of cutaneous interstitial cells in cutaneous-wound healing. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.920855"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111513","article-title":"The effects and mechanism of Kangfuxin on improving healing quality and preventing recurrence of gastric ulcer","volume":"138","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.06.002","article-title":"Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats","volume":"46","author":"Jepson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1507","article-title":"Research status of Periplaneta americana with analyses and prospects of key issues","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.3046","article-title":"The American cockroach peptide periplanetasin-4 inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced cell toxicities and inflammatory responses in the mouse gut","volume":"23","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109753","article-title":"Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Periplaneta americana extract and underlying mechanisms","volume":"123","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, S., Xu, S., Chen, L., Deng, Y., and Feng, J. (2022). Periplaneta americana Extract Pretreatment Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Increases the Abundance of Gut Akkermansia muciniphila in Diquat-Induced Mice. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091806"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Zhao, T., Zi, S., Ou, G., and Li, H. (2025). Effect of Periplaneta americana Residue Feed on Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Transcriptome in Chickens: A Study on Sanhuang Chickens. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15010094"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103967","article-title":"The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) residue could partially replace the dietary puffed soybean meal in the Three-yellow chickens","volume":"103","author":"Ou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Gao, C., Wu, J., Li, J., Wang, L., You, Y., Peng, T., Zhang, K., Cao, M., and Hong, J. (2022). Periplaneta americana extract alleviates steatohepatitis in a mouse model by modulating HMGB1-mediated inflammatory response. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.995523"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15938","article-title":"Unravelling the potential of insects for medicinal purposes\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Wang, C.Y., Sun, L., He, Z., Yang, P.L., Liao, H.J., and Feng, Y. (2021). Edible Aquatic Insects: Diversities, Nutrition, and Safety. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10123033"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114851","article-title":"Isolation and identification of the components in Cybister chinensis Motschulsky against inflammation and their mechanisms of action based on network pharmacology and molecular docking","volume":"285","author":"Che","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2011.586316","article-title":"Differences in fatty acid composition between aquatic and terrestrial insects used as food in human nutrition","volume":"50","author":"Fontaneto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Food Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"249","article-title":"Determination of selected elements in two commercially available edible aquatic insects (Coleoptera) and their worldwide updated list","volume":"195","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhtar, I., and Das, M. (2025). Nutritional content and amino acid profile of edible insects (Lethocerus indicus, Dytiscus marginalis, and Odontotermes feae) consumed by ethnic communities of Assam, India. J. Food Sci. Technol., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-025-06358-0"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4522.2006.00051.x","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of edible insects in Thailand","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Lipids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5603\/fhc.94457","article-title":"Periplaneta americana extract attenuates hepatic fibrosis progression by inhibiting collagen synthesis and regulating the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32039","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032039","article-title":"Periplaneta americana (Insecta: Blattodea) and organ fibrosis: A mini review","volume":"101","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"75","article-title":"Review of the genus Cybister in China, with description of a new species from Guangdong (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)","volume":"63","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Entomol. Musei Natl. Pragae"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-02049-w","article-title":"Bacterial microbiota on digestive structure of Cybister lateralimarginalis torquatus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1829) (Dytiscidae: Coleoptera)","volume":"203","author":"Orhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000488535","article-title":"Periplaneta Americana Extract May Attenuate Renal Fibrosis through Inhibiting Janus Tyrosine Kinase 2\/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Pathway","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapa, S.F., Di Iorio, B.R., Campiglia, P., Heidland, A., and Marzocco, S. (2019). Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease-Potential Therapeutic Role of Minerals, Vitamins and Plant-Derived Metabolites. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010263"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.04.023","article-title":"Chronic Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Role of Nrf2","volume":"6","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, K., Zhou, J., Deng, J., Li, Y., Wu, C., and Bao, J. (2021). Periplaneta americana Oligosaccharides Exert Anti-Inflammatory Activity through Immunoregulation and Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Acute Colitis Mice Model. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061718"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27583","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27583","article-title":"Abrogating ClC-3 Inhibits LPS-induced Inflammation via Blocking the TLR4\/NF-kappaB Pathway","volume":"6","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0498-9","article-title":"Chlorogenic Acid Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting TLR4\/NF-\u03baB Signal Pathway","volume":"40","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Wu, J., Liu, X., Chen, X., and Wang, J. (2025). Decoding nature: Multi-target anti-inflammatory mechanisms of natural products in the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1467193"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84703-7","article-title":"Periplaneta americana extract improves recurrent oral ulcers through regulation of TLR4\/NF-\u03baB and Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-024-01029-2","article-title":"Periplaneta americana L. extract exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress via AKT-dependent pathway in experimental models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-017-0149-6","article-title":"Anti-tumor effects of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, S., Chen, J., Zhang, C., Shi, J., Nie, X., Hu, Y., Fu, C., Li, X., and Zhang, J. (2021). Gastroprotective Effects of Periplaneta americana L. Extract Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice by Suppressing Apoptosis-Related Pathways. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.798421"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s44337-025-00303-y","article-title":"Oxidative stress and free radicals in disease pathogenesis: A review","volume":"2","author":"Pooja","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aiello, D., Barbera, M., Bongiorno, D., Cammarata, M., Censi, V., Indelicato, S., Mazzotti, F., Napoli, A., Piazzese, D., and Saiano, F. (2023). Edible Insects an Alternative Nutritional Source of Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020699"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.10.013","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase 1 Protects Hepatocytes from Type I Interferon-Driven Oxidative Damage","volume":"43","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manful, C.F., Fordjour, E., Subramaniam, D., Sey, A.A., Abbey, L., and Thomas, R. (2025). Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species: Shaping Human Health and Disease Outcomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157520"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01512-7","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging biomaterials for anti-inflammatory diseases: From mechanism to therapy","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panizo, S., Martinez-Arias, L., Alonso-Montes, C., Cannata, P., Martin-Carro, B., Fernandez-Martin, J.L., Naves-Diaz, M., Carrillo-Lopez, N., and Cannata-Andia, J.B. (2021). Fibrosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathogenesis and Consequences. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010408"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiss, A.B., Jacob, B., Zubair, A., Srivastava, A., Johnson, M., and De Leon, J. (2024). Fibrosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13071881"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Liu, Y., Li, D., Miu, Y., Chen, K., Zhou, J., Xie, L., Chen, X., Wu, J., and Zhu, Y. (2025). Role of integrin alpha4 in the inhibition of fibrosis in activated hepatic stellate cells by Periplaneta americana extract. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1517491"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190103","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190103","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta in tissue fibrosis","volume":"217","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12775","article-title":"Advances in understanding the role of interleukins in pulmonary fibrosis (Review)","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/4\/317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:52:28Z","timestamp":1774533148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/4\/317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13040317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13040317","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]}}}