{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T10:53:33Z","timestamp":1775127213726,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/ 200019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/ 200019"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/ 200030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/ 200030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Following the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, there has been growing interest in investigating the transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 and identifying the potential reservoirs in wildlife. To date, the virus has been detected in a wide range of wildlife animals. SARS-CoV-2 has also been demonstrated to have the ability to infect dogs, raising concerns that other carnivores, such as free-living canids, might serve as a potential source of infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of specific IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in golden jackals (Canis aureus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Serbia. A total of 165 individuals from ten districts, including the City of Belgrade, were collected and examined from the beginning of August 2024 to the end of March 2025. Of this number, 17 samples were positive (17\/165), which represents 10.3% of all the specimens tested. Among 83 red foxes, antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 11 animals (13.3%), whereas reactive sera were identified in 6 of 82 jackals (7.3%). The analyses were performed using a commercial multi-species ELISA (IDVet, France), with the results confirmed by an in-house ELISA, previously developed for the detection of COVID-19 in humans and adapted for canids. Our findings confirm that wild animals are indeed exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that golden jackals and red foxes may represent a potential threat to human health. These results represent the first detection of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in wild carnivores in Serbia, highlighting the need for further surveillance and investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13040346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T07:57:55Z","timestamp":1775116675000},"page":"346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serological Survey of SARS-CoV-2 in Wild Canids in Serbia: First Report in Red Foxes and Golden Jackals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2476-4887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Lupulovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Banatska 31b, 11080 Zemun, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2585-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena Maksimovi\u0107","family":"Zori\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Branislav","family":"Kurelju\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nemanja","family":"Krsti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Banatska 31b, 11080 Zemun, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nemanja","family":"Jezdimirovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1721-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer","family":"Ali\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8573-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Milovanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Gnjatovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, Banatska 31b, 11080 Zemun, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165878","article-title":"Insights into SARS-CoV-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: Structural genomics approach","volume":"1866","author":"Naqvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. 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