{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T19:57:17Z","timestamp":1789329437823,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Support Program Project of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps","award":["2024DA007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024DA007"]}]},{"award":["2024DA007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024DA007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03hcmxw73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shihezi University Technology Transfer and Promotion Program","award":["CGZH202309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGZH202309"]}]},{"award":["CGZH202309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGZH202309"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04x0kvm78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaesserella parasuis (formerly Haemophilus parasuis, HPS), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Streptococcus suis (SS), and Pasteurella multocida (PM) are common bacterial pathogens associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC), a major cause of economic losses in the swine industry. To address this, a cross-sectional study was conducted across 27 large-scale swine farms in Xinjiang, China (October 2024\u2013May 2025). A total of 1239 clinical samples were analyzed by species-specific PCR, and positive samples were further serotyped. Overall, SS and HPS were the predominant pathogens, with higher detection rates in winter and spring. Notably, SS and HPS were most frequent in nasal swabs, while APP and PM predominated in tissue samples. Furthermore, co-infections were common, with HPS + SS being the most prevalent. Serotyping revealed dominance of HPS serotype 12, APP serotype 12, SS serotype 3, and PM serotypes A and B (serotypes E and F not detected). In addition, SS was also detected in environmental samples and farm workers\u2019 nasal swabs. These findings suggest that future prevention and control strategies should focus on developing multivalent vaccines targeting the predominant serotypes identified, implementing regular serotype surveillance to guide precision immunization protocols, and strengthening environmental disinfection and biosecurity practices to reduce co-infections and occupational exposure risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13040366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T07:48:07Z","timestamp":1775720887000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology of Major Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex: A Cross-Sectional Study from Intensive Swine Farms in Xinjiang, China (2024\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenglong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexun","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Tecon Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Changji 831399, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2649-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonggang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assavacheep, P., and Thanawongnuwech, R. 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