{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T04:45:43Z","timestamp":1776573943878,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010067","name":"Aragon Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AR15_23R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR15_23R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010067","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma is a contagious neoplasm of goats for which early antemortem diagnosis remains challenging under field conditions. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of infrared nasal thermography for detecting the disease using histopathology as the reference standard. Eighty-six goats from a dairy herd with confirmed enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma were examined by infrared thermography one day prior to slaughter under standardized environmental conditions. Thermal images of the ethmoidal region were qualitatively assessed for asymmetry or focal hyperthermia. Following slaughter, all heads underwent systematic necropsy and bilateral histopathological examination. Twenty-three goats (26.7%) were histologically confirmed as positive with confirmation by RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) from tissue samples. Infrared thermography showed a sensitivity of 82.6% and a specificity of 90.5%, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 88.4%. Positive and negative predictive values were 76.0% and 93.4%, respectively. Agreement between thermography and histopathology was substantial (Cohen\u2019s \u03ba = 0.711; p &lt; 0.001). Although thermography did not achieve the specificity of macroscopic post-mortem examination, its non-invasive and rapid nature supports its potential as a preliminary complementary antemortem screening approach, although its applicability at herd level requires validation in broader and more representative populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13040389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:48:12Z","timestamp":1776412092000},"page":"389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Performance of Infrared Nasal Thermography for the Detection of Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma in Goats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9757-3840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Quilez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2,  University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Ruminant Clinical Service, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7655-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ruiz de Arcaute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2,  University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Ruminant Clinical Service, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3792-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"de las Heras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2,  University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7822-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Lacasta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2,  University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Ruminant Clinical Service, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3191-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Guallar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2,  University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Ruminant Clinical Service, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Balado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quesos de Cat\u00ed, Cooperativa, 12513 Cat\u00ed, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2,  University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Gabinete T\u00e9cnico Veterinario, de las Cortes Catalanas 932, 08014 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0827-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Hedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2,  University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2497-9028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exopol S.L, Poligono R\u00edo G\u00e1llego D-14, 50840 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8474-2831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2,  University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Ruminant Clinical Service, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0313-5926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Ort\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Instituto Agroalimentario de Arag\u00f3n-IA2,  University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Ruminant Clinical Service, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep and goats","volume":"275","author":"Cousens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3986","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.3986-3993.1999","article-title":"Complete sequence of enzootic nasal tumor virus, a retrovirus associated with transmissible intranasal tumors of sheep","volume":"73","author":"Cousens","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19125-0","article-title":"Characterization of enzootic nasal tumour virus of goats: Complete sequence and tissue distribution","volume":"84","author":"Cousens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589503200103","article-title":"Experimental transmission of enzootic intranasal tumors of goats","volume":"32","author":"Gray","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-66","article-title":"Experimental transmission of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma in sheep","volume":"44","author":"Walsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Pugh, D.G., and Baird, A.N. (2011). Sheep and Goat Medicine, Saunders. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De las Heras, M., Borobia, M., and Ort\u00edn, A. (2021). Neoplasia-associated wasting diseases with economic relevance in the sheep industry. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020381"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.04.018","article-title":"Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma in sheep: An update","volume":"180","author":"Borobia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01097.x","article-title":"Descriptive study of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma in goats in southwestern China","volume":"57","author":"Yi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-04138-0","article-title":"Development of real-time PCR-based methods for the detection of enzootic nasal tumor virus 2 in goats","volume":"164","author":"Apostolidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2025-0010","article-title":"The pathological characteristics of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma in goats","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.064956-0","article-title":"Development of an ante mortem diagnostic test for enzootic nasal tumor virus and detection of neutralizing antibodies in host serum","volume":"95","author":"Walsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"145","article-title":"Development of a SYBR Green-based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to detect enzootic nasal tumor virus in goats","volume":"85","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2019.02.003","article-title":"EvaGreen-based real-time PCR assay for sensitive detection of enzootic nasal tumor virus 2","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.05.021","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging techniques of the respiratory tract of sheep","volume":"180","author":"Castells","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Lv, Y., Guo, Q., Liao, Y., Guo, Y., Su, Z., Yao, D., and Yang, D. (2022). Radiography, CT, and MRI diagnosis of enzootic nasal tumor in goats infected with enzootic nasal tumor virus. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.810977"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Herriot, D. (2020). Use of computed tomography and thermography for the diagnosis of respiratory disorders in adult sheep. Sheep Farming\u2014An Approach to Feed, Growth and Health, IntechOpen Limited."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589102800603","article-title":"Pathology of enzootic intranasal tumor in thirty eight goats","volume":"28","author":"Sharp","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"633","article-title":"Clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations on enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma in five goats","volume":"16","author":"Haligur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2012.03.007","article-title":"Medical applications of infrared thermography: A review","volume":"55","author":"Lahiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R33","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/3\/R33","article-title":"Infrared thermal imaging in medicine","volume":"33","author":"Ring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1017\/S096272860002964X","article-title":"Infrared thermography as a non invasive tool to study animal welfare","volume":"14","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2007.00111.x","article-title":"The value of infrared thermography for research on mammals: Previous applications and future directions","volume":"37","author":"McCafferty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mamm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.09.021","article-title":"The non invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography","volume":"93","author":"Schaefer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Luzi, F., Mitchell, M., Nanni Costa, L., and Redaelli, V. (2013). Thermography: Current Status and Advances in Livestock Animals and in Veterinary Medicine, Fondazione Iniziative Zooprofilattiche e Zootecniche."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2023.103561","article-title":"Applicability of thermography for cancer diagnosis in small animals","volume":"114","author":"Holanda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103947","article-title":"Seasonal assessment of mastitis in crossbred goats: A thermographic approach","volume":"124","author":"Gayathri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/4\/389\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T04:13:20Z","timestamp":1776572000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/4\/389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13040389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13040389","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}