{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:42:41Z","timestamp":1777480961623,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cornea of the dromedary camel is essential for maintaining ocular clarity and protecting the eye in dry, dusty, and thermally stressful environments. Aquaporins are membrane channels that facilitate water transport, and AQP1 has been widely implicated in corneal fluid homeostasis in several species. The present work investigated, for the first time, the regional distribution of AQP1 in the camel cornea. Corneas collected from twelve healthy adult camels after slaughter were divided into nine anatomical regions: central (C), middle dorsal (MD), middle ventral (MV), middle nasal (MN), middle temporal (MT), peripheral dorsal (PD), peripheral ventral (PV), peripheral nasal (PN), and peripheral temporal (PT). Histological examination and immunohistochemistry were combined with digital morphometry to assess corneal layer thickness and AQP1 localization. AQP1 labeling was identified in the corneal epithelium, stromal keratocytes, and endothelium. Epithelial staining differed among regions and was most pronounced in the peripheral nasal region, whereas stromal keratocytes and endothelial cells showed strong and relatively uniform immunoreactivity. These findings indicate that AQP1 is broadly expressed in the camel cornea and likely contributes to regional control of hydration and tissue maintenance in an arid-adapted species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13050425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:26:41Z","timestamp":1777382801000},"page":"425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Spatial Distribution of Aquaporin-1 in Camel Cornea Using Assistive AI Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0958-0342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liana","family":"Fericean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Michael I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1383-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Magdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reda","family":"Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Shoghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Abdelkhalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety, Hygiene and Technology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4907-955X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Banatean-Dunea","family":"Ioan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Michael I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Ostan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Michael I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Rada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Michael I\u201d from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7185-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2008.02.010","article-title":"A review of the growth, and of the carcass and meat quality characteristics of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries)","volume":"80","author":"Kadim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1740(90)90066-F","article-title":"Chemical composition and quality of camel meat","volume":"27","author":"Babiker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1159\/000145199","article-title":"Histology of the camel eye","volume":"106","author":"Rahi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, S., and Jain, S. 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