{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:53:40Z","timestamp":1790607220656,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":316,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["W2433064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2433064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["W2433064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2433064"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia","award":["KFU261779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU261779"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan infecting approximately one-third of the global population, poses a significant yet underappreciated threat to reproductive health in both sexes. Although this parasite has long been linked to birth defects caused by infection during pregnancy, new research shows that it also reduces fertility in both sexes through different but related mechanisms. This review synthesizes knowledge on T. gondii-induced reproductive pathology across females and males, examining shared mechanistic themes while respecting tissue-specific differences, and evaluates emerging therapeutic strategies. In females, the parasite establishes persistent uterine reservoirs, triggers decidual immune dysregulation characterized by NK cell cytotoxicity, M1 macrophage polarization, Treg apoptosis, and inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, while disrupting estrogen and progesterone signaling through both host receptor modulation and intrinsic parasite steroidogenic enzymes (TgCYP450mt, TgMAPR, Tg-HSD). In males, T. gondii breaches the blood\u2013testis barrier, induces germ cell and Leydig cell apoptosis via ER stress and caspase pathways, impairs sperm quality parameters across acute and chronic infection, and disrupts the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis. Conserved molecular mechanisms\u2014including NLRP3 inflammasome activation, PERK\/eIF2\u03b1\/ATF4\/CHOP-mediated ER stress, and oxidative stress\u2014operate in both reproductive tissues. The parasite\u2019s intrinsic steroidogenic capability and bidirectional hormonal manipulation represent a paradigm shift in understanding host\u2013parasite interactions. Conventional antiparasitics face limitations due to poor reproductive sanctuary penetration. Immunomodulatory approaches targeting Trem2, Tim-3, and the NLRP3 inflammasome show promise, along with natural products including Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide and ginseng polysaccharide. Nanomedicine platforms and mRNA vaccine candidates offer new directions for overcoming tissue barrier limitations. Toxoplasma gondii represents a fundamental threat to fertility and pregnancy outcomes rather than merely a risk for congenital infection. Integrated therapeutic strategies addressing direct parasitism, immunopathology, and endocrine disruption are needed. Longitudinal cohort studies, strain-specific mechanistic comparisons, and clinical trials of immunomodulatory adjuncts are urgently required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13050430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:26:41Z","timestamp":1777382801000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii as a Direct Cause of Reproductive Dysfunction: Dual Threats to Male and Female Fertility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhab","family":"Farhab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6051-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Sohail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics & Molecular Breeding of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0786-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Al-Rasheed","family":"Al-Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5706-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohaib","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Multan, College of Veterinary Sciences, Multan University of Science and Technology, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1670-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aftab","family":"Shaukat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdoli, A., Ghaffarifar, F., Sharifi, Z., and Taghipour, A. (2024). Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Testosterone Alteration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297362"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.01.007","article-title":"How and Why Toxoplasma Makes Us Crazy","volume":"29","author":"Flegr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.693197","article-title":"A Review on Human Toxoplasmosis","volume":"44","author":"Saadatnia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1102581","article-title":"IgE Antibodies in Toxoplasmosis","volume":"68","author":"Kemona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postep. Hig. Med. Dosw. (Online)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(77)90709-8","article-title":"Uterine Toxoplasma Infections and Repeated Abortions","volume":"128","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931614","article-title":"Uterine Atrophy in Chronic Murine Toxoplasmosis Due to Ovarian Dysfunction","volume":"81","author":"Stahl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931615","article-title":"Etiology of Ovarian Dysfunction in Chronic Murine Toxoplasmosis","volume":"81","author":"Stahl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.70097","article-title":"Adverse Impact of Acute Toxoplasma gondii Infection on Human Spermatozoa","volume":"292","author":"Wagenlehner","year":"2025","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2011.01249.x","article-title":"Impaired Reproductive Function of Male Rats Infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"44","author":"Abdoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2024.110297","article-title":"The Quality and Characteristics of Bovine Sperm Are Compromised by Toxoplasma gondii Antigens, Impacting in in Vitro Bull Fertility","volume":"331","author":"Blandon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05899-11","article-title":"Tissue Barriers of the Human Placenta to Infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"80","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00517.x","article-title":"Dissemination of Toxoplasma gondii to Immunoprivileged Organs and Role of Toll\/Interleukin-1 Receptor Signalling for Host Resistance Assessed by in Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging","volume":"7","author":"Hitziger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0067022","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00670-22","article-title":"Host MOSPD2 Enrichment at the Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane Varies between Toxoplasma Strains and Involves Complex Interactions","volume":"8","author":"Ferrel","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2021.111433","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol Modulates the Expression of Hormonal Receptors on THP-1 T. gondii-Infected Macrophages and Monocytes in an AKT and ERK-Dependent Manner","volume":"247","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.476-488.2001","article-title":"Sex-Associated Hormones and Immunity to Protozoan Parasites","volume":"14","author":"Roberts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06266-w","article-title":"Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Decidual Immune Cell Landscape in the Occurrence of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Induced by Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"17","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2025.04.002","article-title":"Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1 Is Required to Control Toxoplasma Gondii Infection in Uterine Tissues and Establish a Successful Gestation in a Murine Model of Congenital Toxoplasmosis","volume":"173","author":"Almeida","year":"2026","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2025.110679","article-title":"From Nucleation to Capping: The Lifecycle of an Actin Filament in Toxoplasma gondii Gliding","volume":"342","author":"Farhab","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asady, B., Sampels, V., Romano, J.D., Levitskaya, J., Lige, B., Khare, P., Le, A., and Coppens, I. (2023). Function and Regulation of a Steroidogenic CYP450 Enzyme in the Mitochondrion of Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011566"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhab, M., Aziz, M.W., Shaukat, A., Cao, M.-X., Hou, Z., Huang, S.-Y., Li, L., and Yuan, Y.-G. (2025). Review of Toxoplasmosis: What We Still Need to Do. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080772"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"475","article-title":"Neurophysiological Effect of the Rh Factor. Protective Role of the RhD Molecule against Toxoplasma-Induced Impairment of Reaction Times in Women","volume":"29","author":"Flegr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20888","article-title":"Brief Communication: Latent Toxoplasmosis and Salivary Testosterone Concentration--Important Confounding Factors in Second to Fourth Digit Ratio Studies","volume":"137","author":"Flegr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007004064","article-title":"Sex-Dependent Toxoplasmosis-Associated Differences in Testosterone Concentration in Humans","volume":"135","author":"Flegr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1952.tb00162.x","article-title":"The Isolation of Toxoplasma from the Human Placenta and Uterus","volume":"30","author":"Mellgren","year":"1952","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"967","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: Abortions and Stillbirths","volume":"58","author":"Hingorani","year":"1970","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"145","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in a Cervical Smear","volume":"35","author":"Wasylenko","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109593","article-title":"High Toxoplasma gondii Frequency of Infection in the Genital Tract of Ewes Previously Positive for the Parasite DNA in Meat, in Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia","volume":"300","author":"Rouatbi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02975-x","article-title":"Molecular Identification of Neospora Caninum and Co-Infection with Toxoplasma gondii in Genital Apparatus of Naturally Infected Cows in North Tunisia","volume":"53","author":"Amdouni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2022.144.153","article-title":"Immunological, Histopathological, Molecular Identification and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in Small Ruminants in Egypt","volume":"25","author":"Gad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.11427","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: Experimental Vaginal Infection in NMRI Mice and Its Effect on Uterin, Placenta and Fetus Tissues","volume":"15","author":"Bayat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. Red. Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932619","article-title":"Reproductive Failure in Mice Chronically Infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"80","author":"Stahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.11.001","article-title":"An Atypical Genotype of Toxoplasma gondii as a Cause of Mortality in Hector\u2019s Dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori)","volume":"192","author":"Roe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06355-1","article-title":"Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii and Association with Early Pregnancy and Abortion Rates in New Zealand Farmed Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"118","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_58_18","article-title":"Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii B1 Gene in Placental Tissues of Pregnant Women with Acute Toxoplasmosis","volume":"7","author":"Sardarian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-180346","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii B1 Gene in Placenta Does Not Prove Congenital Toxoplasmosis","volume":"27","author":"Sardarian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Antib."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, P.V.D., Toledo, D.N.M.D., De Souza, D.M.S., Menezes, T.P., Perucci, L.O., Silva, Z.M., Teixeira, D.C., Vieira, E.W.R., Andrade-Neto, V.F.D., and Guimar\u00e3es, N.S. (2023). The Imbalance in the Relationship between Inflammatory and Regulatory Cytokines during Gestational Toxoplasmosis Can Be Harmful to Fetuses: A Systematic Review. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1074760"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9853-x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Infection of Decidual CD1c(+) Dendritic Cells Enhances Cytotoxicity of Decidual Natural Killer Cells","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.09.016","article-title":"Changes of Human Decidual Natural Killer Cells Cocultured with YFP-Toxoplasma gondii: Implications for Abnormal Pregnancy","volume":"99","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Zhao, M., Liu, X., Jiang, Y., Zhang, H., Zhai, X., Zhang, L., and Hu, X. (2013). Toxoplasma gondii Infection Regulates the Balance of Activating and Inhibitory Receptors on Decidual Natural Killer Cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055432"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.10.027","article-title":"Interferon Gamma Is Involved in Apoptosis of Trophoblast Cells at the Maternal-Fetal Interface Following Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Cui, L., Xu, X., Zhang, H., Jiang, Y., Ren, L., Yang, C., Liu, X., and Hu, X. (2021). The Role of Tim-3 on dNK Cells Dysfunction During Abnormal Pregnancy with Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.587150"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1134\/S002689331902016X","article-title":"The Role of Soluble HLA-G in the Vertical Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-014-9900-7","article-title":"sHLA-G Involved in the Apoptosis of Decidual Natural Killer Cells Following Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-024-01364-5","article-title":"Genome Editing: An Insight into Disease Resistance, Production Efficiency, and Biomedical Applications in Livestock","volume":"24","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad440","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Causes Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes by Damaging Uterine Tissue-Resident NK Cells That Secrete Growth-Promoting Factors","volume":"229","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2024.04.001","article-title":"Efficient Generation of Cloned Cats with Altered Coat Colour by Editing of the KIT Gene","volume":"222","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"465","article-title":"Regulation of natural killer cell subtypes and functions by programmed cell death protein 1 and its receptor at the maternal-fetal interface in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii during the second trimester","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.08.043","article-title":"Decidual Macrophage M1 Polarization Contributes to Adverse Pregnancy Induced by Toxoplasma gondii PRU Strain Infection","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Zhao, M., Li, T., Zheng, J., Liu, X., Jiang, Y., Zhang, H., and Hu, X. (2017). Decidual Macrophage Functional Polarization during Abnormal Pregnancy Due to Toxoplasma Gondii: Role for LILRB4. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01013"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06713-2","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii ROP18 Induces Maternal-Fetal Dysfunction by Downregulating CD73 Expression on Decidual Macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06379-2","article-title":"The Effect of Toxoplasma gondii Infection on Galectin-9 Expression in Decidual Macrophages Contributing to Dysfunction of Decidual NK Cells during Pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05560-9","article-title":"Effect of B7-H4 Downregulation Induced by Toxoplasma gondii Infection on Dysfunction of Decidual Macrophages Contributes to Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Cao, Y., Ye, S., Ding, M., Ge, W., Liang, Y., and Chen, J. (2024). Trem2\/Syk\/PI3K Axis Contributes to the Host Protection against Toxoplasma gondii-Induced Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes via Modulating Decidual Macrophages. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012543"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05856-4","article-title":"LILRB4 Regulates the Function of Decidual MDSCs via the SHP-2\/STAT6 Pathway during Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaf034","article-title":"Modulating Dendritic Cell Function in Allergic Asthma with Toxoplasma Gondii Serine Protease Inhibitor 1","volume":"37","author":"Soto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115739","article-title":"Trem2 Prevents Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Induced by Toxoplasma gondii by Promoting PPAR\u03b3-Mediated P-STAT6 Signaling","volume":"168","author":"Cao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.10.002","article-title":"IL-10 Regulate Decidual Tregs Apoptosis Contributing to the Abnormal Pregnancy with Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"89","author":"Lao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13115","article-title":"Chinese 1 Strain of Toxoplasma gondii Excreted-Secreted Antigens Negatively Modulate FOXP3 via Inhibition of the TGF\u00dfRII\/Smad2\/Smad3\/Smad4 Pathway","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01075-1","article-title":"The Role of Decidual PD-1(+) Treg Cells in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Due to Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103312","article-title":"Imbalance of Uterine Innate Lymphoid Cells Is Involved in the Abnormal Pregnancy Induced by Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"145","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4167-3","article-title":"The Correlation of Tim-3 and IFN-\u03b3 Expressions in Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii during Gestation","volume":"114","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155517","article-title":"The Imbalance of TNF and IL-6 Levels and FOXP3 Expression at the Maternal-Fetal Interface Is Involved in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in a Susceptible Murine Model of Congenital Toxoplasmosis","volume":"143","author":"Sousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.08.016","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Induces Pyroptosis in Human Placental Trophoblast and Amniotic Cells by Inducing ROS Production and Activation of Cathepsin B and NLRP1\/NLRP3\/NLRC4\/AIM2 Inflammasome","volume":"193","author":"Quan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.107022","article-title":"Both C57BL\/KsJ (H2(d) Haplotype) and CB10-H2 (H2(b) Haplotype) Mice Are Highly Susceptible to Congenital Toxoplasmosis","volume":"248","author":"Coutinho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.01.006","article-title":"The Impaired Pregnancy Outcome in Murine Congenital Toxoplasmosis Is Associated with a Pro-Inflammatory Immune Response, but Not Correlated with Decidual Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression","volume":"42","author":"Coutinho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.08.009","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii-Induced Foetal Resorption in Mice Involves Interferon-Gamma-Induced Apoptosis and Spiral Artery Dilation at the Maternofoetal Interface","volume":"39","author":"Senegas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00257-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00257-17","article-title":"CCR5 Is Involved in Interruption of Pregnancy in Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii during Early Pregnancy","volume":"85","author":"Nishimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(86)90052-6","article-title":"Experimental Infection of Pregnant Sheep with Toxoplasma gondii: Pathological and Immunological Observations on the Placenta and Foetus","volume":"96","author":"Buxton","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589902700605","article-title":"Lesions in Fetal Pigs with Transplacentally-Induced Toxoplasmosis","volume":"27","author":"Dubey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"24","article-title":"Granulomatous placentitis in toxoplasmosis (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"93","author":"Susani","year":"1981","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.09.001","article-title":"Role of an Estradiol Regulatory Factor-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (HSD) in Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Pathogenicity","volume":"174","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.10.016","article-title":"Sex Steroids Mediate Bidirectional Interactions Between Hosts and Microbes","volume":"88","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonaizan, R., Woods, S., Hargrave, K.E., and Roberts, C.W. (2021). An Exaggerated Immune Response in Female BALB\/c Mice Controls Initial Toxoplasma gondii Multiplication but Increases Mortality and Morbidity Relative to Male Mice. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091154"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(86)90134-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Decreased Resistance to Infection in Mice Due to Estrogen","volume":"61","author":"Pung","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"590","article-title":"Effect of Sex Hormones on the Response of Mice to Infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"61","author":"Kittas","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711270305","article-title":"Effect of Gonadectomy and Oestrogen Administration on the Response of Lymph-Node Post-Capillary Venules to Infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"127","author":"Kittas","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"16","article-title":"Effect of Sex Hormones on the Immune System of Guinea-Pigs and on the Development of Toxoplasmic Lesions in Non-Lymphoid Organs","volume":"36","author":"Kittas","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711320204","article-title":"Ultrastructural Effects of Sex Hormones and Infection on Lymph Node Post-Capillary Venules","volume":"132","author":"Kittas","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, J., Zhang, R., Xie, Y., Wang, L., Ge, K., Chen, H., Liu, X., Wu, J., and Wang, Y. (2018). Estradiol Attenuates the Severity of Primary Toxoplasma gondii Infection-Induced Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Through the Regulation of Tregs in a Dose-Dependent Manner. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01102"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.051","article-title":"Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide Protects against Adverse Pregnancy Caused by Toxoplasma gondii Infection through Regulating Th17\/Treg Balance via TLR4\/NF-\u03baB Pathway","volume":"146","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.05.003","article-title":"Sex Dichotomy in the Course of Experimental Latent Toxoplasmosis","volume":"202","author":"Hegazy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107721","article-title":"Hormonal Modulation of Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Regulation of Hormonal Receptors and Cytokine Production in THP-1 Cells","volume":"204","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Fu, Y., Liu, J., and Liu, Q. (2018). Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone-Induced Intracellular Calcium Fluxes on Toxoplasma gondii Gliding, Microneme Secretion, and Egress. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01266"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nofal, S.D., Dominicus, C., Broncel, M., Katris, N.J., Flynn, H.R., Arrizabalaga, G., Bott\u00e9, C.Y., Invergo, B.M., and Treeck, M. (2022). A Positive Feedback Loop Mediates Crosstalk between Calcium, Cyclic Nucleotide and Lipid Signalling in Calcium-Induced Toxoplasma gondii Egress. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.15252\/rc.2022746606"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(96)01025-4","article-title":"Effect of Toxoplasma gondii Infection on the Development of Pregnancy and on Endocrine Foetal-Placental Function in the Goat","volume":"67","author":"Engeland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dittmar, A.J., Drozda, A.A., and Blader, I.J. (2016). Drug Repurposing Screening Identifies Novel Compounds That Effectively Inhibit Toxoplasma gondii Growth. mSphere, 1.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00042-15"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524019666191014112133","article-title":"Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Mechanistic Insights Against Microbial Infections","volume":"20","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-025-01172-2","article-title":"Protective Effect of S-Methylcysteine Against Toxoplasma gondii-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Female Albino Rats","volume":"71","author":"Ashry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0305623","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03056-23","article-title":"Apicomplexan Phosphodiesterases in Cyclic Nucleotide Turnover: Conservation, Function, and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"15","author":"Moss","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.07.011","article-title":"Proteomic Profiling of Human Decidual Immune Proteins during Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"186","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2010.014","article-title":"Potential Solutions to Problems Posed by the Offspring Sex Ratios of People with Parasitic and Viral Infections","volume":"57","author":"James","year":"2010","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46060341","article-title":"Follow-Up Study of 17-\u03b2 Estradiol, Prolactin and Progesterone with the Kinetics and Prevalence of T. gondii Infection in Pregnant Women","volume":"46","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Galv\u00e1n-Ram\u00edrez, M.L., Guti\u00e9rrez-Maldonado, A.F., Verduzco-Grijalva, F., and Jim\u00e9nez, J.M.D. (2014). The Role of Hormones on Toxoplasma gondii Infection: A Systematic Review. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00503"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Zhang, X., Fu, Y., Liu, J., Xue, Y., and Liu, Q. (2022). Progesterone Can Directly Inhibit the Life Activities of Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro through the Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component (PGRMC). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073843"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05589-w","article-title":"Effects of Different Drugs and Hormone Treatment on Toxoplasma gondii Glutathione S-Transferase 2","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1iz-Hern\u00e1ndez, S., Luna-Nophal, A., Le\u00f3n, C.T.G.-D., Dom\u00ednguez-Ram\u00edrez, L., Patr\u00f3n-Soberano, O.A., Nava-Castro, K.E., Ostoa-Saloma, P., and Morales-Montor, J. (2021). Dehydroepiandrosterone Effect on Toxoplasma gondii: Molecular Mechanisms Associated to Parasite Death. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030513"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02820.x","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor-4-Mediated Macrophage Activation Is Differentially Regulated by Progesterone via the Glucocorticoid and Progesterone Receptors","volume":"125","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.08.008","article-title":"T Cell Mediated Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii in Pregnant Women with Primary Toxoplasmosis","volume":"8","author":"Prigione","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Galv\u00e1n Ram\u00edrez, M.L., Due\u00f1as-Jim\u00e9nez, J.M., Guti\u00e9rrez-Maldonado, A.F., and Rodr\u00edguez P\u00e9rez, L.R. (2021). Effect of 17\u03b2-Estradiol, Progesterone, and Tamoxifen on Neurons Infected with Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102174"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12690","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12690","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Infection Reduces Serum Progesterone Levels and Adverse Effects at the Maternal-Foetal Interface","volume":"42","author":"Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1990.tb00882.x","article-title":"The Effect of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Unvaccinated and Iscom-Vaccinated Pregnant Ewes as Monitored by Plasma Levels of 15-Ketodihydroprostaglandin F2 Alpha, Progesterone, and Oestrone Sulphate","volume":"37","author":"Fredriksson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zentralbl Vet. A"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-12-132","article-title":"Azithromycin Is Able to Control Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Human Villous Explants","volume":"12","author":"Barbosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.05.036","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Influences Aversive Behaviors of Female Rats in an Estrus Cycle Dependent Manner","volume":"135","author":"Golcu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.04.005","article-title":"Loss of Predator Aversion in Female Rats after Toxoplasma gondii Infection Is Not Dependent on Ovarian Steroids","volume":"65","author":"Vyas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-62.7.818","article-title":"Foodborne Infections during Pregnancy","volume":"62","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25599","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16108","article-title":"Global miRNA Expression Profiling of Domestic Cat Livers Following Acute Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"8","author":"Cong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2002.00451.x","article-title":"Progesterone Fails to Modulate Toxoplasma gondii Replication in the RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Cell Line","volume":"24","author":"Cozon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-022-00571-z","article-title":"Testosterone Augments Propagation of Toxoplasma gondii in Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro","volume":"67","author":"Abdoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1555","article-title":"Recurrent spontaneous abortions","volume":"28","year":"1988","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev. (1980)"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulai-Saiku, S., and Vyas, A. (2021). Toxoplasma gondii Infection Causes an Atypical Abundance of Oxytocin and Its Receptor in the Female Rat Brain. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111495"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-013-0382-6","article-title":"The Effect of Toxoplasmosis on the Level of Some Sex Hormones in Males Blood Donors in Baghdad","volume":"39","author":"Zghair","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"402","article-title":"Influence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection on Male Fertility: A Pilot Study on Immunocompetent Human Volunteers","volume":"10","author":"Colosi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dvorakova-Hortova, K., Sidlova, A., Ded, L., Hladovcova, D., Vieweg, M., Weidner, W., Steger, K., Stopka, P., and Paradowska-Dogan, A. (2014). Toxoplasma gondii Decreases the Reproductive Fitness in Mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096770"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.04.071","article-title":"Intracranial Toxoplasmosis Presenting as Panhypopituitarism in an Immunocompromised Patient","volume":"33","author":"Hamdeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S188525","article-title":"The Relation of Serum Prolactin Levels and Toxoplasma Infection in Humans","volume":"12","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0824-0","article-title":"Effect of Hyperprolactinaemia on Toxoplasma gondii Prevalence in Humans","volume":"102","author":"Dzitko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-023-00677-y","article-title":"Credible Serological Evidence of Latent Toxoplasma Infection Among Women with Primary Infertility: A Ten-Year Registry-Based Study","volume":"68","author":"Zamaniyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.05.029","article-title":"Sellar Toxoplasmosis and Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenoma","volume":"84","author":"Berkmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.02.010","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Binds Sheep Prolactin","volume":"134","author":"Dzitko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1849-3","article-title":"The Effect of Prolactin (PRL) on the Growth of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites in Vitro","volume":"107","author":"Dzitko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2012.01359.x","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Prolactin on Toxoplasma Proliferation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Hyperprolactinemia","volume":"34","author":"Dzitko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"348","article-title":"Effects of Cytokines and Prolactin on the Replication of Toxoplasma gondii in Murine Microglia","volume":"12","author":"Benedetto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-022-00651-0","article-title":"Recombinant Mouse Prolactin Confers Partial Protection Against Toxoplasma gondii Infection in a Pre-Treated Experimental Murine Model","volume":"68","author":"Atia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"395","article-title":"Effect of Prolactin, rIFN-Gamma or rTNF-Alpha in Murine Toxoplasmosis","volume":"43","author":"Benedetto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pathol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(90)90411-2","article-title":"Application of a Long-Term Enhanced Xanthine Oxidase-Induced Luminescence in Solid-Phase Immunoassays","volume":"187","author":"Baret","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh161","article-title":"Transient Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism in Males with Acute Toxoplasmosis: Suppressive Effect of Interleukin-1 Beta on the Secretion of GnRH","volume":"19","author":"Oktenli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek\/193199","article-title":"Effect of Some Immunological Markers on The Level of Anti- Mullerian Hormone (AMH) in Women Infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"77","author":"Mushattat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wiad. Lek."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek\/214628","article-title":"Effect of Some Immunological Markers on the Level of Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) in Women Infected with Toxoplasma gondii: Further Investigations","volume":"78","author":"Mushattat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wiad. Lek."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.11.006","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Reproductive Parameters in Experimentally Infected Male Rats","volume":"121","author":"Terpsidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"233","article-title":"On histological demonstration of Toxoplasma gondii (trophozoites and proliferative forms) in animal and man with special consideration of the sex organs","volume":"199","author":"Werner","year":"1966","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol. Orig."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.111.3.53","article-title":"Experimentally Induced Toxoplasmosis in Young Rams: The Clinical Syndrome and Semen Secretion of Toxoplasma","volume":"111","author":"Teale","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.056","article-title":"Sexual Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Sheep","volume":"195","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.017","article-title":"Experimental Infection by Toxoplasma gondii Using Contaminated Semen Containing Different Doses of Tachyzoites in Sheep","volume":"170","author":"Batista","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.12.004","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Transmission by Artificial Insemination in Sheep with Experimentally Contaminated Frozen Semen","volume":"90","author":"Consalter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.111.4.73","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Rams: Possible Significance of Venereal Transmission","volume":"111","author":"Blewett","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.08.012","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Dairy Ewes: Vertical Transmission and Influence on Milk Production and Reproductive Performance","volume":"99","author":"Klauck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fais, T., Giadinis, N., Papadopoulos, E., Brellou, G., Theodoridis, A., Blaga, R., Roux, D.L., Bitchava, D., Ntemka, A., and Boscos, C. (2020). Effect of Toxoplasma gondii on Ram Sperm Quality After Experimental Infection. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9121004"},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"217","article-title":"Cultivation of Toxoplasma gondii in Lamb Testicular Cell Culture","volume":"71","author":"Gupta","year":"1980","journal-title":"Indian. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.05.794","article-title":"Prolonged Excretion of Toxoplasma gondii in Semen of Goats","volume":"41","author":"Dubey","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-013-0330-5","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Sexual Transmission in Mice","volume":"39","author":"Asgari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2023.108571","article-title":"Impact of Latent Toxoplasmosis on the Fertility Indices of Male Rats","volume":"251","author":"Hegazy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"323","article-title":"Studies on the significane of sexual intercourse for the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"231","author":"Janitschke","year":"1975","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol. Orig. A"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"101196","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Semen of Breeding Dogs from Southeastern Iran","volume":"57","author":"Saljoughi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.04.003","article-title":"Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii in Semen, Testicle and Epididymis Tissues of Primo-Infected Cats (Felis Catus)","volume":"238","author":"Teixeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"100341","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Semen of Rams Used for Natural Mating in Commercial Sheep Farms in Tunisia","volume":"18","author":"Rouatbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"25","article-title":"Opportunistic Infections of the Testis in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Guerrieri","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mt. Sinai J. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(11)80331-6","article-title":"Extracerebral Toxoplasmosis in AIDS. Histological and Immunohistological Findings Based on 80 Autopsy Cases","volume":"189","author":"Jautzke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"185","article-title":"Immunohistochemical demonstration of extracerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS","volume":"75","author":"Jautzke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(89)90125-1","article-title":"Testicular Atrophy in AIDS: A Study of 57 Autopsy Cases","volume":"20","author":"Waxman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-198909000-00008","article-title":"Disseminated Toxoplasmosis Presenting as Symptomatic Orchitis and Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"298","author":"Haskell","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"40","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis of the Brain and Heart: Autopsy Report of a Patient with AIDS","volume":"85","author":"Tolat","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tex. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"407","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Pregnant Women Attending in Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Endris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2004.160","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in HIV\/AIDS Patients: A Current Situation","volume":"57","author":"Nissapatorn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2016.030","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Nigeria: The Story so Far (1950\u20132016): A Review","volume":"63","author":"Ohiolei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"17","article-title":"Toxoplasma serology in HIV infected patients and suspected cerebral toxoplasmosis at the Central Hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)","volume":"93","author":"Millogo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00848-5","article-title":"Oral Sex as a Potential Route for Toxoplasma gondii Transmission: Experiment with Human Semen and Laboratory Mice Model","volume":"69","author":"Ullmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.10.034","article-title":"Presence of Toxoplasma gondii Tissue Cysts in Human Semen: Toxoplasmosis as a Potential Sexually Transmissible Infection","volume":"86","author":"Tong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traf083","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Paraffin Blocks from Patients Diagnosed with Various Cancers","volume":"119","author":"Pourahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"101408","article-title":"Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii in Reproductive Tissues of Companion Animals from a Municipal Neutering Program","volume":"67","author":"Murata","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.114421","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 11-Initiated Innate Immune Response in Male Mouse Germ Cells","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114147","article-title":"Integrated Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and in Vivo Experiments to Elucidate the Extenuative Mechanisms of Ginseng Polysaccharide against Toxoplasma Gondii-Induced Testicular Toxicity","volume":"148","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3570","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.3570","article-title":"Mouse Neutrophils Require JNK2 MAPK for Toxoplasma gondii-Induced IL-12p40 and CCL2\/MCP-1 Release","volume":"179","author":"Sukhumavasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"274","article-title":"Effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection on cytokines and spermatogenic cells in rats","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105938","article-title":"Impact of Toxoplasma gondii Infection on TM3 Leydig Cells: Alterations in Testosterone and Cytokines Levels","volume":"220","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[1491:IOGASH]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Importance of Gender and Sex Hormones in Regulation of Susceptibility of the Small Intestine to Peroral Infection with Toxoplasma gondii Tissue Cysts","volume":"87","author":"Liesenfeld","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Impact of Chronic Toxoplasmosis on the Gonadotropic Gonadal Axis in Male Rats","volume":"71","author":"Awad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78653-3","article-title":"The Degree of Toxoplasmosis and Testicular Histomorphometry in Rats","volume":"14","author":"Hegazy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01305-6","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Induced Sperm DNA Damage on the Experimentally Infected Rats","volume":"45","author":"Taherimoghaddam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"55","article-title":"Acute Toxoplasma gondii infection affects the reproductive function of male mice","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2022.108429","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Induces MLTC-1 Apoptosis via ERS Pathway","volume":"244","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.178","article-title":"Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide Ameliorates Impaired Reproductive Function Caused by Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Male Mice via Regulating Nrf2-PI3K\/AKT Pathway","volume":"151","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06247-z","article-title":"Differential Transcriptome Study on the Damage of Testicular Tissues Caused by Chronic Infection of T. gondii in Mice","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"364","article-title":"Acute infection of Toxoplasma gondii affects the level of oxygen free radicals in serum and testes of mice","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"521","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: A Possible Inducer of Oxidative Stress in Reproductive System of Male Rats","volume":"15","author":"Matini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"45","article-title":"Merogony of Toxoplasma gondii (Apicomplexa: Coccidia) and Its Effect on the Mortality and Histopathology in the House Mouse Mus Musculus","volume":"34","author":"Fayed","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, M., Zhang, R., Xu, X., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Zhai, X., and Hu, X. (2013). IL-10 Reduces Levels of Apoptosis in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected Trophoblasts. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056455"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.09.005","article-title":"Differential Apoptosis in BeWo Cells after Infection with Highly (RH) or Moderately (ME49) Virulent Strains of Toxoplasma gondii Is Related to the Cytokine Profile Secreted, the Death Receptor Fas Expression and Phosphorylated ERK1\/2 Expression","volume":"34","author":"Angeloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0000000000000683","article-title":"Evaluation of Apoptosis, Proliferation, and Adhesion Molecule Expression in Trophoblastic Tissue of Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion and Infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"40","author":"Elsalam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2835-3","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Dense Granule Protein 15 Induces Apoptosis in Choriocarcinoma JEG-3 Cells through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.04.008","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Isolate with Genotype Chinese 1 Triggers Trophoblast Apoptosis through Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mice","volume":"154","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1086\/377132","article-title":"Infection of Placental Trophoblasts by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"188","author":"Abbasi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2009.07.002","article-title":"Apoptosis and S Phase of the Cell Cycle in BeWo Trophoblastic and HeLa Cells Are Differentially Modulated by Toxoplasma gondii Strain Types","volume":"30","author":"Angeloni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"110","article-title":"Higher Perceived Dominance in Toxoplasma Infected Men--a New Evidence for Role of Increased Level of Testosterone in Toxoplasmosis-Associated Changes in Human Behavior","volume":"28","author":"Flegr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zouei, N., Shojaee, S., Mohebali, M., and Keshavarz, H. (2018). The Association of Latent Toxoplasmosis and Level of Serum Testosterone in Humans. BMC Res. Notes, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3468-5"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90970-9","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Testosterone Level in Palestinian Butchers","volume":"15","author":"Emran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"622","article-title":"Effects of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Level of Serum Testosterone in Males with Chronic Toxoplasmosis","volume":"8","author":"Eslamirad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.03.014","article-title":"Direct Evidence of Toxoplasma-Induced Changes in Serum Testosterone in Mice","volume":"128","author":"Kodym","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.11.007","article-title":"Associations between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Steroid Hormone Levels in Spotted Hyenas","volume":"17","author":"Laubach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12042","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Infection Enhances Testicular Steroidogenesis in Rats","volume":"22","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.06.001","article-title":"Can Offspring Sex Ratios Help to Explain the Endocrine Effects of Toxoplasmosis Infection on Human Behaviour?","volume":"122","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"28","article-title":"Serum Testosterone-Estradiol Ratio in Toxoplasma-Seropositive Infertile Men: A Prospective, Single-Center Study","volume":"25","author":"Ragab","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.01.003","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Testosterone Congruently Increase Tolerance of Male Rats for Risk of Reward Forfeiture","volume":"79","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanchava, L., Carlson, K., \u0160eb\u00e1nkov\u00e1, B., Flegr, J., and Nave, G. (2015). No Evidence of Association between Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Financial Risk Taking in Females. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136716"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000065902","article-title":"Parasite-Altered Behaviour: Is the Effect of Toxoplasma gondii on Rattus Norvegicus Specific?","volume":"111","author":"Berdoy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6114","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12888","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Infection Reduces Predator Aversion in Rats through Epigenetic Modulation in the Host Medial Amygdala","volume":"23","author":"Vyas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, D.K., Hari Dass, S.A., Abdulai-Saiku, S., and Vyas, A. (2020). Testosterone Acts Within the Medial Amygdala of Rats to Reduce Innate Fear to Predator Odor Akin to the Effects of Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00630"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.072983","article-title":"Parasite-Augmented Mate Choice and Reduction in Innate Fear in Rats Infected by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"216","author":"Vyas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2016.034","article-title":"No Association between Latent Toxoplasmosis and Multiple Body Measures in U.S. Adults","volume":"63","author":"Berrett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0446","article-title":"Evidence That Mammalian Sex Ratios at Birth Are Partially Controlled by Parental Hormone Levels around the Time of Conception","volume":"198","author":"James","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Zhang, X.-X., Mahmmod, Y.S., Hernandez, J.A., Li, G.-F., Huang, W.-Y., Wang, Y.-P., Zheng, Y.-X., Li, X.-M., and Yuan, Z.-G. (2020). A Transcriptome Analysis: Various Reasons of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Caused by Acute Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00115"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2023.2286597","article-title":"Chronic Toxoplasma Infection Affects Gene Expression of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Mouse Liver","volume":"53","author":"Uno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Intrauterine infections","volume":"147","author":"Jakobovits","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orv. Hetil."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050609","article-title":"Calomys Callosus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) Trophoblast Cells as Host Cells to Toxoplasma gondii in Early Pregnancy","volume":"85","author":"Ferro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.12.2155","article-title":"Prevention of Abortion and Neonatal Death Due to Toxoplasmosis by Vaccination of Goats with the Nonpathogenic Coccidium Hammondia Hammondi","volume":"42","author":"Dubey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1981.178.07.671","article-title":"Toxoplasma-Induced Abortion in Dairy Goats","volume":"178","author":"Dubey","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(86)90070-1","article-title":"A Review of Toxoplasmosis in Pigs","volume":"19","author":"Dubey","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franco, P.S., da Silva, N.M., de Freitas Barbosa, B., de Oliveira Gomes, A., Ietta, F., Shwab, E.K., Su, C., Mineo, J.R., and Ferro, E.A.V. (2015). Calomys callosus Chronically Infected by Toxoplasma gondii Clonal Type II Strain and Reinfected by Brazilian Strains Is Not Able to Prevent Vertical Transmission. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00181"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.06.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii Placental Transmission in BALB\/c Mice Model","volume":"123","author":"Pezerico","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_209","first-page":"216","article-title":"A Rare Case of Feline Congenital Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Fatal Outcome of Systemic Toxoplasmosis for the Mother and Its Kitten","volume":"126","author":"Atmaca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.22.319","article-title":"Studies on Toxoplasmosis. 2. Distribution of Toxoplasma in the Organs of Cat and Dog Cases of Latent Infection Occurring Naturally","volume":"22","author":"Katsube","year":"1969","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762000000100020","article-title":"Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Balb\/c Mice. Prevention of Vertical Disease Transmission by Treatment and Reproductive Failure in Chronic Infection","volume":"95","author":"Fux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2007.01.008","article-title":"Maternal-Fetal Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Interferon-Gamma Deficient Pregnant Mice","volume":"56","author":"Shiono","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"103","article-title":"Microbiological Evaluation of Women with Bad Obstetrics History","volume":"101","author":"Mookherjee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.05.019","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis Can Be a Sexually Transmitted Infection with Serious Clinical Consequences. Not All Routes of Infection Are Created Equal","volume":"83","author":"Flegr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"20","article-title":"Difference of Neuro- and Immunomodulatory Steroids and Selected Hormone and Lipid Concentrations between Toxoplasma-Free and Toxoplasma-Infected but Not CMV-Free and CMV-Infected Schizophrenia Patients","volume":"35","author":"Flegr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1645\/12-126.1","article-title":"Experimental Vaginal Infection of Goats with Semen Contaminated with the \u201cCPG\u201d Strain of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"99","author":"Wanderley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_217","first-page":"166","article-title":"Study on the Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii by Semen in Rabbits","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.07.003","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Evidence for the Transmission by Semen in Dogs","volume":"123","author":"Arantes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612010000300010","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the Reproductive System of Male Goats","volume":"19","author":"Santana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200604020-00016","article-title":"Dynamic Observation of Polypide in Semen and Blood of Rabbits Infected with Toxoplasma Tachyzoites","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2022.108343","article-title":"Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles (AgNp-Bio) Restore Testosterone Levels and Increase TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 in Leydig Cells Infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"241","author":"Semedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2023.2200577","article-title":"Evaluation of Mono and Combined Nitrofurantoin Therapy for Toxoplasmosis in Vivo Using Murine Model","volume":"117","author":"Elkholy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oz, H.S. (2014). Toxoplasmosis Complications and Novel Therapeutic Synergism Combination of Diclazuril plus Atovaquone. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00484"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(88)90021-7","article-title":"Further Studies in the Use of Monensin in the Control of Experimental Ovine Toxoplasmosis","volume":"98","author":"Buxton","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmahallawy, E.K., Ali, F.A.Z., Raya-\u00c1lvarez, E., Fehaid, A., Abd El-Razik, K.A., El Fadaly, H.A.M., El-Khadragy, M.F., Sayed, A.S.M., Soror, A.H., and Alhegaili, A.S. (2024). Ameliorative Effects of Propolis and Wheat Germ Oil on Acute Toxoplasmosis in Experimentally Infected Mice Are Associated with Reduction in Parasite Burden and Restoration of Histopathological Changes in the Brain, Uterus, and Kidney. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1357947"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113811","article-title":"Novel Insights on the Potential Activity of Propolis and Wheat Germ Oil against Chronic Toxoplasmosis in Experimentally Infected Mice","volume":"156","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72230-0","article-title":"Copaifera Spp. Oleoresins Impair Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Both Human Trophoblastic Cells and Human Placental Explants","volume":"10","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-08764-y","article-title":"Prenylated Chalcone Analog-Mediated Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii Growth in Human Trophoblast Cell Line and Villous Explants","volume":"15","author":"Paschoalino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_229","first-page":"E15734056415877","article-title":"Advances in Imaging-Based Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies for AIDSRelated Cerebral Toxoplasmosis","volume":"22","author":"Si","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14444.x","article-title":"Prevention of Toxoplasma gondii Abortion in Goats by Vaccination with Oocysts of Hammondia Hammondi","volume":"65","author":"Munday","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991636","article-title":"Ovine Toxoplasmosis","volume":"136","author":"Innes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2026.111731","article-title":"Reverse Vaccinology and Immunoinformatics Approaches Driven Designing of a Novel Multi-Epitope mRNA Vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"87","author":"Siddiquee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149965","article-title":"In Vitro Expression and Seroreactivity of Toxoplasma gondii GRA1 Protein Encoded by Unmodified and Nucleoside-Modified mRNA Constructs","volume":"982","author":"Karakavuk","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2024.149073","article-title":"An Optimized ROP6 mRNA Construct Successfully Expressed Immunogenic Toxoplasma gondii ROP6 Protein in Cell Culture","volume":"935","author":"Karakavuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01332-6","article-title":"A Novel Combined Quadrivalent Self-Amplifying mRNA-LNP Vaccine Provokes Protective Immunity against Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis in Mice","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2025.08.002","article-title":"Live-Attenuated Toxoplasma gondii Pru\u0394pp2a-c Mutant Elicits Protective Immunity against Toxoplasmosis in Mice and Cats","volume":"56","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126632","article-title":"Evaluation of the Toxoplasma Urm1 Gene Deletion Mutant (Pru\u0394Urm1) as a Promising Vaccine Candidate against Toxoplasmosis in Mice","volume":"45","author":"Bian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70143","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.70143","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii C2 Domain Protein Deletion Mutant as a Promising Vaccine Against Toxoplasmosis in Mice","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06766-3","article-title":"Phosphatase UBLCP1 Is Required for the Growth, Virulence and Mitochondrial Integrity of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"18","author":"Sheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-025-01889-3","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Live Attenuated and Killed Tachyzoites as Vaccine Candidates for Toxoplasmosis","volume":"15","author":"Nemr","year":"2025","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erazo Flores, B.J., and Knoll, L.J. (2025). Toxoplasma gondii at the Host Interface: Immune Modulation and Translational Strategies for Infection Control. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080819"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-026-01720-2","article-title":"A Safe and Efficacious Inactivated Vaccine Aids Prevent Reproductive Failure Associated with Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Ovine","volume":"57","author":"Ferre","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01645-2","article-title":"An Inactivated Vaccine against Acquired Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pigs as a Tool to Minimize the Zoonotic Transmission Risk","volume":"56","author":"Ferre","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Bai, S., Yu, H., Pan, M., Hou, Z., Fu, L., and Huang, S. (2025). Colloidal Manganese Salt Improves the Efficacy of Toxoplasma gondii Inactivated Vaccine in Mice. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13121230"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, S.-Y., Zhou, G.-Q., Li, Y.-Y., Pan, M., Fu, L., and Huang, S.-Y. (2025). High Levels of Protection Against Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis in Institute of Cancer Research Mice with a Novel Low-Temperature Inactivated Toxoplasma gondii Candidate Vaccine Adjuvanted with HA201\/HA203. Foodborne Pathog. Dis., fpd20240159.","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2024.0159"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, J., Kang, H.-J., Eom, G.-D., Heo, S.I., Nam, H., Lee, J.-H., Park, K.-H., Lee, M.S., Kim, S.S., and Quan, F.-S. (2026). Protection Against Toxoplasma gondii Lethal ME49 Challenge Induced by Influenza Virus-like Particles Containing Dense Granule Protein 14. Pharmaceutics, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18010093"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heo, S.I., Kang, H.-J., Mao, J., Yang, Z.-S., Ahmed, M.A., and Quan, F.-S. (2025). Protective Efficacy Induced by Virus-like Particles Expressing Dense Granule Protein 5 of Toxoplasma gondii. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080787"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2546769","article-title":"Influenza Virus-like Particles Presenting Toxoplasma gondii Dense Granule Protein 7 Protect Mice from Lethal ME49 Challenge","volume":"20","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2025.107812","article-title":"Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Expressing MIC8, AMA1, or RON4 Induce Protection against Toxoplasma gondii ME49 Strain Infection","volume":"270","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3347\/PHD.25054","article-title":"Vaccinia Virus Expressing MIC8 and AMA1 Provides Protection against Toxoplasma gondii ME49 Infection","volume":"63","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasites Hosts Dis."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.108900","article-title":"Protection Induced by Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Targeting the ROP4 of Toxoplasma gondii in Mice","volume":"269","author":"Yoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2518915","article-title":"Applications of Virus-like Particles in the Prevention of Protozoan Parasite Infection","volume":"20","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Zhou, P., Qi, W., Yu, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, Y., Wang, J., and Yu, Z. (2025). Research on Inner Membrane Complex Protein 1: A Novel Nanovaccines against Toxoplasma gondii. BMC Vet. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04961-z"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, B., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., and Chen, J. (2025). IL-24 Is a Promising Molecular Adjuvant for Enhancing Protective Immunity Induced by DNA Vaccination Against Toxoplasma gondii. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071661"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70025","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70025","article-title":"Modest Protective Immune Responses Induced by a DNA Vaccine Expressing IMP1 of Toxoplasma gondii in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"47","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.126965","article-title":"Evaluation of a DNA Vector Plasmid Encoding a Partial ROP18 Gene from Toxoplasma gondii in Domestic Cats as a Vaccine Candidate","volume":"54","author":"Minutti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, P., Yu, Y., Qi, W., Wang, X., Yu, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, L., Yu, Z., and Liu, T. (2025). PLGA Nanoparticles as an Efficient Carrier in Toxoplasma GAP45: A More Effective Vaccine against Acute Toxoplasmosis than Traditional Ones. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1600399"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109024","article-title":"Niosomes as a Vehicle for Excretory\/Secretory Antigens Enhance Immunization Efficacy of Toxoplasma gondii Vaccine","volume":"277","author":"Younis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_259","first-page":"347","article-title":"Protective Immune Response Induced by Cationic Liposomes Bearing Soluble Antigens Improves the Survival of BALB\/c Mice against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain","volume":"28","author":"Mirahmadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Nie, L., Song, Y., Yang, Z., Yang, L., Ren, H., Li, W., Mahmmod, Y., Zhang, X.-X., and Yuan, Z. (2025). Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii GRA12 Vaccine in Domestic Cats. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080851"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2025.107540","article-title":"Immunization with Plant-Based Vaccine Expressing Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 Fused to Plant HSP90 Elicits Protective Immune Response in Lambs","volume":"262","author":"Campero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meira-Santos, P.O., Piedade, G.C., Guedes, M.T., Loureiro, D., Raynal, J.T., Meyer, R., Vicentini, L., Soares, L., Fux, B., and Portela, R.W. (2025). The Acute Immune Response in Sheep Following Immunization with Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites or Parasite-Derived Glycoconjugates. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12100928"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70807","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70807","article-title":"Is Toxoplasma gondii-Secreted Protein with an Altered Thrombospondin Repeat (TgSPATR) a Potential Candidate for Immunisation? An Immunoinformatics-Based Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Foroutan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127242","article-title":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making and Its Application to in Silico Discovery of Vaccine Candidates for Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"58","author":"Ellis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4426082","DOI":"10.1155\/ipid\/4426082","article-title":"Considerations on Structural Vaccinology and Epitope Screening of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases 8 as a Potential Vaccine Target Against Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"2025","author":"Abedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9909421","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/9909421","article-title":"Sialic Acid-Binding Protein-1 (SABP1) of Toxoplasma gondii: Preliminary Computer-Based Epitope Mapping for Enhanced Vaccine Design","volume":"2025","author":"Gholami","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini, S.A., Safari, M.H., Siamian, D., Majidiani, H., Basati, G., and Asghari, A. (2025). Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii Perforin-like Proteins (PLPs) to Find the Potential Epitopes for Immunization through in Silico Approach. Recent. Adv. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov., 180\u2013192.","DOI":"10.2174\/0127722708342006250116162454"},{"key":"ref_268","first-page":"103475","article-title":"In Silico Analysis and Structural Vaccinology Prediction of Toxoplasma gondii ROP41 Gene via Immunoinformatics Methods as a Vaccine Candidate","volume":"73","author":"Asadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3514414","DOI":"10.1155\/japr\/3514414","article-title":"In Silico-Based Investigation of the Immunogenicity and Biochemical Attributes of Toxoplasma gondii Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (TgAMA1)","volume":"2025","author":"Foroutan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_270","first-page":"387","article-title":"Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of surface antigen-related sequence protein SRS67 and SRS20A genes in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesri, A., Asadi, N., Maleki-Kakelar, H., and Taheri-Anganeh, M. (2025). Bioinformatic Design of the Secreted Form of SAG2 Protein as a Toxoplasma gondii Vaccine Candidate. Recent. Pat. Biotechnol.","DOI":"10.2174\/0118722083412016250925074449"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107567","article-title":"Designing a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Using Toxoplasma ROP5, ROP7, and SAG1 Epitopes and Immunogenicity Evaluation against Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis in BABL\/c Mice","volume":"204","author":"Moghadamizad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2025.14.e4","article-title":"Discovery of Novel Vaccine Candidates Based on the Immunogenic Epitopes Derived from Toxoplasma Membrane Proteins","volume":"14","author":"Hosseini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18715265332103","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715265332103240911113422","article-title":"Structural Prediction and Antigenic Analysis of ROP18, MIC4, and SAG1 Proteins to Improve Vaccine Design against Toxoplasma gondii: An In Silico Approach","volume":"25","author":"Nayeri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-026-07274-8","article-title":"The Role of TgEfhc3 in Toxoplasma gondii Biology and Its Prospects as a Subunit Vaccine","volume":"19","author":"Tian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14988-9","article-title":"Recombinant ROP6 Protein Expressed in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae INVSc1 Cells Induced Strong Immune Response and Provided Significant Protection against Toxoplasmosis","volume":"15","author":"Karakavuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, F., Xie, Y., Yang, Y., Zhao, C., Suo, J., Zhang, Z., Liang, R., Tang, X., and Liu, X. (2026). Loss of TGME49_227100 (Glutaredoxin 5) Disrupts Oocyst Formation and Sporulation in Toxoplasma gondii. Pathogens, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15020150"},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2025.105509","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Toxoplasma gondii Cytoskeleton and Bioinformatic Identification of Highly Antigenic Proteins","volume":"321","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2025.105454","article-title":"Detection and Identification of Highly Antigenic Proteins from Cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma gondii by Immune-Proteomics","volume":"317","author":"Carranza","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400239","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.202400239","article-title":"N-Glycoproteomics of the Apicomplexan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"25","author":"Horn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70004","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.70004","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii (GRA10): A Closer Glance Into Immunogenic and Biochemical Characteristics Using In Silico Approach","volume":"47","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_282","first-page":"602","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii-Derived Nanocarriers: Leveraging Protozoan Membrane Biology for Scalable Immune Modulation and Therapeutic Delivery","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.109068","article-title":"Genome-Wide Screening, Identification and Analysis of BAR Domain-Containing Proteins in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"279","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scuotto, A., Ogonczyk-Makowska, D., Qui\u00e9vy, A., Berthet, M., Schlax, K., Boussarie, D., Maillot, A., Popelin-Wedlarski, F., Charpentier, T., and Perot, M. (2025). Retrospective Analysis of the Impact of Vaccination with an Inactivated Vaccine on Toxoplasmosis-Associated Mortality in Captive Wildlife. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090910"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108074","article-title":"Immunological Insights and Vaccine Advances against Apicomplexan Parasites: Emerging Concepts and Innovations","volume":"209","author":"Alshammari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673306158240620071438","article-title":"Immunological Activity of Vaccine Systems Containing Liposomal Nanocarriers against Protozoan-Induced Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"32","author":"Lourenco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-Montes, M., Fasquelle, F., Cardona, N.I., G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn, J.E., and Betbeder, D. (2025). T-Cell Activation of Toxoplasma gondii Positive Donors by Maltodextrin Nanoparticles Formulated with Killed Toxoplasma gondii. BMC Infect. Dis., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10656-5"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-025-00715-6","article-title":"Parasites\u2019 Immunomodulators: A Breakthrough in Immunotherapeutics Displaying Antineoplastic Activity against Human Colorectal and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells","volume":"21","author":"Shehata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Agent. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-025-04069-1","article-title":"Molecular Mimicry between Parasites and Cancer: A Novel Approach for Developing Cancer Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies","volume":"74","author":"Eissa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1987.35371","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Sheep. I. Effect of a Killed Vaccine on Lambing Losses Caused by Experimental Challenge with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"35","author":"Wilkins","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.133.13.310","article-title":"Experimental Challenge of Sheep 18 Months after Vaccination with a Live (S48) Toxoplasma gondii Vaccine","volume":"133","author":"Buxton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(05)80002-7","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Responses of the Ovine Lymph Node to Toxoplasma gondii: Cell Output in Efferent Lymph and Parasite Detection","volume":"111","author":"Buxton","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.02.026","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Sheep--the Last 20 Years","volume":"163","author":"Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2010021","article-title":"Mic1-3 Knockout Toxoplasma gondii Is a Good Candidate for a Vaccine against T. Gondii-Induced Abortion in Sheep","volume":"41","author":"Ducournau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2307\/3284022","article-title":"Further Characterization of the TS-4 Temperature-Sensitive Mutant of Toxoplasma gondii in Mice","volume":"81","author":"Pinckney","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Q.-L., Sun, L.-X., Elsheikha, H.M., Cao, X.-Z., Nie, L.-B., Li, T.-T., Li, T.-S., Zhu, X.-Q., and Wang, J.-L. (2020). RH\u0394gra17\u0394npt1 Strain of Toxoplasma gondii Elicits Protective Immunity Against Acute, Chronic and Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Mice. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030352"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900410","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Tkl1 Deletion Mutant Is a Promising Vaccine against Acute, Chronic, and Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Mice","volume":"204","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4948","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.4948-4953.2000","article-title":"Protective Immunity against Congenital Toxoplasmosis with Recombinant SAG1 Protein in a Guinea Pig Model","volume":"68","author":"Haumont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.04.025","article-title":"Evaluation of Protective Effect of DNA Vaccination with Genes Encoding Antigens GRA4 and SAG1 Associated with GM-CSF Plasmid, against Acute, Chronical and Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Mice","volume":"23","author":"Bout","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2001.00361.x","article-title":"A Previous Infection with Toxoplasma gondii Does Not Protect against a Challenge with Neospora Caninum in Pregnant Sheep","volume":"23","author":"Innes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00703-09","article-title":"Protection against Lethal Neospora Caninum Infection in Mice Induced by Heterologous Vaccination with a Mic1 Mic3 Knockout Toxoplasma gondii Strain","volume":"78","author":"Dion","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barakat, A.M., El Fadaly, H.A.M., Selem, R.F., Madboli, A.E.-N.A., Abd El-Razik, K.A., Hassan, E.A., Alghamdi, A.H., and Elmahallawy, E.K. (2022). Tamoxifen Increased Parasite Burden and Induced a Series of Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Changes During Chronic Toxoplasmosis in Experimentally Infected Mice. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.902855"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2014.00237.x","article-title":"Effect of Pyrimethamine Treatment on Male Rat Testicular Cell Population Development","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1990.tb00872.x","article-title":"The Effect of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Flunixin Meglumine Treated Pregnant Ewes as Monitored by Plasma Levels of 15-Ketodihydroprostaglandin F2 Alpha, Progesterone, Oestrone Sulphate and Ultrasound Scanning","volume":"37","author":"Aiumlamai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zentralbl Vet. A"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.04.004","article-title":"TGF-\u03921 Improving Abnormal Pregnancy Outcomes Induced by Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Regulating NKG2D\/DAP10 and Killer Subset of Decidual NK Cells","volume":"317","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2025.101083","article-title":"Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Crosstalk between Immune Cells, Decidual Cells, and Cellular Autophagy","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6693070","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6693070","article-title":"Detection of Acute and Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Women with History of Abortion in the Southwest of Iran","volume":"2021","author":"Saki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02549903","article-title":"The Influence of Various Aetiopathogenetic Factors on Testicular Function","volume":"21","author":"Lepies","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5152\/tpd.2014.3329","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep in Silopi district by using indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT)","volume":"38","author":"Leblebicier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turk. Parazitol. Derg."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.03.032","article-title":"Experimental Toxoplasma gondii Oocyst Infections in Turkeys (Meleagris Gallopavo)","volume":"196","author":"Bangoura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_311","first-page":"375","article-title":"Short communication: Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in blood donors by Sabin-Feldman Dye Test","volume":"40","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol. Bul."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2011.09.003","article-title":"Serum Levels of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) in Ocular Toxoplasmosis","volume":"45","author":"Padilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.964-972","article-title":"Molecular Etiopathology of Naturally Occurring Reproductive Diseases in Female Goats","volume":"10","author":"Beena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2011.01817.x","article-title":"Co-Infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Clostridium Perfringens in a Postpartum Woman with Uterine Gas Gangrene: A Case Report","volume":"38","author":"Alsammani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109927","article-title":"Confirmations, Advances and Recommendations for the Daily Care of Schizophrenia Based on the French National FACE-SZ Cohort","volume":"101","author":"Fond","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2002.01052.x","article-title":"Ocular Toxoplasmosis: More than Just What Meets the Eye","volume":"55","author":"Vallochi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/5\/430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T15:07:29Z","timestamp":1779116849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/5\/430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":316,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13050430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13050430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]}}}