{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:05:21Z","timestamp":1780484721795,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory disease remains a major challenge in pig production. This two-room pilot study evaluated whether room-level acoustic monitoring combined with physiological measurements could provide an early warning after an experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae challenge. Forty growing pigs balanced by sex and body weight were housed for 28 days in one control room and one challenged room (20 pigs\/room; four pens\/room). Challenged pigs were intranasally inoculated on days 8, 12, 16, and 20 with a culture whose dose was retrospectively verified by serial-dilution plating. Nasal and fecal samples were cultured on Klebsiella ChromoSelect agar, and colonies with expected morphology were enumerated as presumptive Klebsiella\/K. pneumoniae colonies. A fine-tuned Audio Spectrogram Transformer (AST) classified five sound classes from facility-specific audio and was evaluated by group-blocked hold-out testing, five-fold group-blocked cross-validation, temporal deployment validation, and window-threshold sensitivity analysis. The model achieved hold-out macro-F1 of 0.947, five-fold macro-F1 of 0.928 \u00b1 0.019, and 24 h deployment macro-F1 of 0.914. Presumptive nasal bacterial load was higher in challenged pigs at 1-week post-inoculation (log10 4.03 vs. 0.67). Group-size-standardized cough detections were also higher in the challenged room (54.84 vs. 36.80 detections\/day), and daily coughing first exceeded the baseline threshold on day 8. Thresholds of 0.764 (control) and 1.115 (treatment) were obtained from an integrated score that included coughing, sneezing, ear temperatures, rectal temperature, and respiration rate; the treatment score and treatment\u2013control contrast score first surpassed the threshold on day 8, and daily multimodal scores varied between groups (t = \u22126.636, p &lt; 0.001). Integrated score improved discrimination of post-inoculation disturbance compared with cough detections alone (leave-one-day-out AUROC: 0.94 vs. 0.88). Because each condition was represented by one room, findings are exploratory temporal contrasts, not replicated treatment effects or a stand-alone diagnostic test.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13060550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:33:14Z","timestamp":1780479194000},"page":"550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pilot Room-Level Acoustic and Physiological Monitoring of Respiratory Disturbance in Pigs Following Experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae Challenge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3195-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md","family":"Sharifuzzaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Gopalganj Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8105, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0322-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong-Seok","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0344-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eddiemar B.","family":"Lagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Kamrul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7466-4173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahsan","family":"Mehtab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Gu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Rang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Hwa","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chul-Ju","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-023-00342-w","article-title":"The Economic Impact of Endemic Respiratory Disease in Pigs and Related Interventions\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Boeters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Porc. 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