{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:44:43Z","timestamp":1785415483562,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]},{"award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to use data mining and network pharmacology to determine drug patterns for bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). The frequency, properties, tastes, meridian tropism, and functions of prescription data were gathered and examined from four literature databases (2004\u20132024). Cluster analysis was used to find prescription patterns, and the Apriori algorithm (SPSS Modeler 18) was used to find associations. A total of 391 literature-derived prescription records were included in the analysis, involving 189 distinct herbal medicines and a cumulative herb-use frequency of 2031 occurrences. These herbs primarily enter the liver meridian and were categorized as cold, warm, or neutral. The predominant tastes were bitter, pungent, and sweet. Five frequently recorded herbs and 14 co-occurrence patterns among herbs were extracted. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), spleen\u2013stomach deficiencies and damp-heat pathogens are linked to BVD. These medication patterns were mainly associated with heat-clearing, detoxification, spleen-strengthening, and Qi-regulating strategies in TCVM theory. Targets were screened, PPI networks were constructed, and enrichment studies for core herbs (Baitouweng, Huangbo, Huangqin, Qinpi, and Zhizi) were performed using network pharmacology. The binding affinities between disease targets and active components were further assessed using molecular docking. The findings provide a descriptive summary of medication patterns and generate preliminary hypotheses regarding potential compound\u2013target\u2013pathway associations involved in the symptomatic and supportive use of TCM for BVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci13060575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:53:10Z","timestamp":1781247190000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Data Mining and Network Pharmacology Characterize Medication Patterns of Chinese Herbal Medicine for Bovine Viral Diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5576-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed Farhan","family":"Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6065-6648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiakui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9779-7321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(77)83865-4","article-title":"Probable Role of Viruses in Calfhood Diseases","volume":"60","author":"McClurkin","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-019-00170-7","article-title":"Diseases Associated with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Subtypes 1a and 2b in Beef and Dairy Cattle in Uruguay","volume":"51","author":"Maya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1017\/S146625231500002X","article-title":"HoBi-Like Viruses\u2014The Typical \u2018Atypical Bovine Pestivirus\u2019","volume":"16","author":"Bauermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (2026, May 29). Bovine Viral Diarrhoea. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/fr\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.04.07_BVD.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnberg, W. (2026, May 29). Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex. Available online: https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/infectious-diseases\/bovine-viral-diarrhea\/bovine-viral-diarrhea-and-mucosal-disease-complex."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2016.03.003","article-title":"What Can Pestiviral Endonucleases Teach Us About Innate Immunotolerance?","volume":"29","author":"Lussi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Meng, W., Zeng, H., Wang, J., Liu, S., Jiang, Q., Chen, Z., Ma, Z., Wang, Z., and Li, S. (2024). Epidemiological Survey of Calf Diarrhea Related Viruses in Several Areas of Guangdong Province. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1441419"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Wang, W., Chen, C., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Xu, Z., and Lan, Y. (2020). First Report and Genetic Characterization of Bovine Torovirus in Diarrhoeic Calves in China. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02494-1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Kuang, L., Yin, J., Zhang, M., Kulyar, M.F., and Hu, C. (2025). Molecular Epidemiology and Immunopathogenesis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: A Growing Threat to Regional Cattle Industry of Xinjiang, China. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1617998"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13300","article-title":"Epidemiological Factors and Mitigation Measures Influencing Production Losses in Cattle Due to Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Infection: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"66","author":"Pinior","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252318000129","article-title":"Comparative Study in the Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea","volume":"19","author":"Larghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15816","article-title":"Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: An Updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Consensus Statement with Focus on Virus Biology, Hosts, Immunosuppression, and Vaccination","volume":"34","author":"Walz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Cheng, J., Guo, Y., Hu, Y., Zhao, Z., Liu, W., Zhou, L., Wu, P., Cheng, C., and Yang, C. (2024). Highly Pathogenic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus BJ-11 Unveils Genetic Evolution Related to Virulence in Calves. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1540358"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkenberg, S.M., Ma, H., Casas, E., Dassanayake, R.P., Bolton, M.W., Raithel, G., Silvis, S., Neill, J.D., and Walz, P.H. (2023). Multivariate Analysis as a Method to Evaluate Antigenic Relationships Between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1b Isolates and Vaccine Strains. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15102085"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645832","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2026.2645832","article-title":"Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccines: Current Advancements, Challenges, and Future Perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Pang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.09.071","article-title":"The Anti-Dhav Activities of Astragalus Polysaccharide and Its Sulfate Compared with Those of Bsrps and Its Sulfate","volume":"117","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Qi, Y., Chen, S., He, B., Chen, X., and Xu, J. (2023). Effect of Heat-Clearing and Dampness-Eliminating Chinese Medicine for High-Risk Cervical Cancer Papillomavirus Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1022030"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.197","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Immunomodulatory Effects of Fucoidan Compound Agents","volume":"127","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.199","article-title":"Synergistic Immunomodulatory Effect of Complex Polysaccharides from Seven Herbs and Their Major Active Fractions","volume":"165","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1197","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1063","article-title":"Herb: A High-Throughput Experiment- and Reference-Guided Database of Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"49","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106185","article-title":"LTM-TCM: A Comprehensive Database for the Linking of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Modern Medicine at Molecular and Phenotypic Levels","volume":"178","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106460","article-title":"Clinical Evidence Construction of East Asian Herbal Medicine for Inflammatory Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Integrative Data Mining Approach","volume":"185","author":"Jo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-S1-S12","article-title":"Using Association Rules Mining to Explore Pattern of Chinese Medicinal Formulae (Prescription) in Treating and Preventing Breast Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.178019","article-title":"Application and Exploration of Big Data Mining in Clinical Medicine","volume":"129","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6733851","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6733851","article-title":"Study on Medication Rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Constipation through Data Mining and Network Pharmacology","volume":"2022","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, S., Tang, L., Ma, J., Wang, K., Yao, H., Tong, J., and Zhang, H. (2024). Evaluation of the Mechanism of Gong Ying San Activity on Dairy Cows Mastitis by Network Pharmacology and Metabolomics Analysis. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299234"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, Y.L., Ma, Q., Zhang, X.S., Jia, Y.Q., Peng, X.T., Yao, W.L., Ji, P., Hu, J.J., and Wei, Y.M. (2020). Pulsatilla Decoction Can Treat the Dampness-Heat Diarrhea Rat Model by Regulating Glycerinphospholipid Metabolism Based Lipidomics Approach. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00197"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2016.05.018","article-title":"A Novel Systems Pharmacology Platform to Dissect Action Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicines for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Disease","volume":"94","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2014.07.006","article-title":"Data Mining and Frequency Analysis for Licorice as a \u201cTwo-Face\u201d Herb in Chinese Formulae Based on Chinese Formulae Database","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529491","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/529491","article-title":"Application of Herbal Medicines with Bitter Flavor and Cold Property on Treating Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"2015","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Guo, J., Hu, N., Xun, Y., Zhang, B., Feng, Q., Chen, S., Li, X., Liu, Q., and Hu, Y. (2022). Distinct Common Signatures of Gut Microbiota Associated with Damp-Heat Syndrome in Patients with Different Chronic Liver Diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1027628"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2024.124281","article-title":"Non-Target Metabolomics Unravels the Effect and Mechanism of Lianpu Drink on Spleen-Stomach Damp-Heat Syndrome","volume":"1246","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, H., Wang, L., and Zhang, H. (2024). Chinese herbal medicine, Tongxieyaofang, Alleviates Diarrhea Via Gut Microbiota Remodeling: Evidence from Network Pharmacology and Full-Length 16s Rrna Gene Sequencing. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1502373"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, K., Qu, L., Lin, X., Xie, Y., Tu, J., Liu, X., Zhou, Z., Cao, G., Li, S., and Liu, Y. (2020). Deep-Fried Atractylodis Rhizoma Protects against Spleen Deficiency-Induced Diarrhea through Regulating Intestinal Inflammatory Response and Gut Microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010124"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9731315","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9731315","article-title":"Clinical Evidence and Potential Mechanisms in Treating Radiation Enteritis with Modified Baitouweng Decoction","volume":"2023","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Yang, J., Chau, C.I., Shi, J., Chen, X., Hu, H., and Ung, C.O.L. (2023). Is There a Role for Traditional and Complementary Medicines in Managing Chronic Fatigue? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1266803"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v23i2.7","article-title":"What can Traditional Plant Therapy Do in the Face of Covid-19? Examples from Traditional Chinese Medicine","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, H., Liu, W., Ji, X., Yan, G., Zeng, X., Zhao, W., and Wang, Y. (2023). Study on the Mechanism of Wumei San in Treating Piglet Diarrhea Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1138684"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00591-x","article-title":"Chinese Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308077","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2308077","article-title":"Substance Basis and Pharmacological Mechanism of Heat-Clearing Herbs in the Treatment of Ischaemic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review and Network Pharmacology","volume":"56","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12002","article-title":"Cell-Mediated Immune Response During Experimental Acute Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus: Evaluation of Blood Parameters","volume":"61","author":"Molina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589503200302","article-title":"Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Persistent Bovine Viral Diarrhea (Bvd) Virus Infection in Young Cattle","volume":"32","author":"Taniyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Liu, S., Wu, C., Huang, W., Xu, B., Lian, S., Wang, L., Yue, S., Chen, N., and Zhu, Z. (2020). PD-1-Mediated Pi3k\/Akt\/Mtor, Caspase 9\/Caspase 3 and Erk Pathways Are Involved in Regulating the Apoptosis and Proliferation of Cd4(+) and Cd8(+) T Cells During Bvdv Infection in Vitro. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00467"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, N., Liu, Y., Bai, T., Chen, J., Zhao, Z., Li, J., Shao, B., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., and Wang, X. (2022). Quercetin Inhibits Hsp70 Blocking of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection and Replication in the Early Stage of Virus Infection. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112365"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2025.117536","article-title":"Role of Quercetin as a Promising Antiviral, Therapeutic and Immunomodulatory Mediator against Dengue Virus Induced Robust Infection in in-Vivo Balb\/C Mice Model","volume":"290","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.04.072","article-title":"Inhibition of Pi3k\/Akt\/Mtor Pathway by Apigenin Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X2450085X","article-title":"Ursolic Acid Inhibits Glycolysis of Ovarian Cancer Via Klf5\/Pi3k\/Akt Signaling Pathway","volume":"52","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/6\/575\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T08:25:58Z","timestamp":1781252758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-7381\/13\/6\/575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["vetsci13060575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci13060575","relation":{},"ISSN":["2306-7381"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2306-7381","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]}}}